ANNEXURE
SCHEME AND SYLLABUS TO THE POST OF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR IN
(FORENSIC ENGINEERING / PHYSICS / CHEMISTRY / BIOLOGY) IN
A.P. STATE FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY SERVICE
SCHEME FOR THE EXAMINATION
1) ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, FORENSIC ENGINEERING:
Written (Objective type) Examination
Paper – I: General Studies and
Mental Ability
150
Questions
150
Minutes.
150
Marks
Paper – II: Mechanical Engineering
or Structural Engineering or Civil
Engineering or Production
Engineering
150
Questions
150
Minutes.
300
Marks
Total 450

2) ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, PHYSICS:
Written (Objective type) Examination
Paper – I : General Studies and Mental
Ability
150
Questions
150
Minutes.
150
Marks
Paper – II : Physics or Material Science
or Nuclear Physics or Electronics or
Electronics & Instrumentation or
Applied Physics or Instrumentation or
Five Integrated M.Sc. Physics or Geo
Physics or Nano Science or Nano
Technology or Electronic
Communications”
150
Questions
150
Minutes.
300
Marks
Total 450
3) ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, CHEMISTRY:
Written (Objective type) Examination
Paper – I : General Studies and
Mental Ability
150
Questions
150
Minutes.
150
Marks
Paper – II : Chemistry or
Forensic Science
150
Questions
150
Minutes.
300
Marks
Total 450

4) ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, BIOLOGY:
Written (Objective type) Examination
Paper – I : General Studies and Mental Ability 150
Questions
150
Minutes
150
Marks
Paper – II :Botany or Zoology or Microbiology
or Biochemistry or Bio-Technology or Genetics
or Forensic Science or a Degree in Medicine
with a Bachelor ’s Degree in Science
(Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Physics).
150
Questions
150
Minutes
300
Marks
Total 450

Syllabus for the Examination
Paper-I
GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY (Common for all Posts)

1. Major Current Events and Issues pertaining to International, National
and State of Andhra Pradesh.
2. General Science and its applications to the day to day life
Contemporary developments in Science & Technology and Information
Technology.
3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of
the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with
a focus on AP and Indian National Movement.
4. Geography of India with focus on Andhra Pradesh.
5. Indian polity and Governance: constitutional issues, public policy,
reforms and e-Governance initiatives.
6. Indian Economy and planning
7. Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection
8. Disaster management: vulnerability profile, prevention and mitigation
strategies, Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in the assessment
of Disaster
9. Logical reasoning, analytical ability and logical interpretation.
10. Data Analysis: Tabulation of data Visual representation of data Basic
data analysis (Summary Statistics such as mean, median, mode and
variance) and Interpretation.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FORENSIC ENGINEERING
Paper-II
A. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING:

1. THERMODYNAMICS:
 Basic concepts, Open and closed systems. Heat and work, Zeroth, First
and second law, application to flow and non -flow processes. Entropy;,
Availability, Irreversibility, T -S relations, Clapery on and real gas
Equations. Properties of ideal gases and vapours. Air standard cycles, Two
stage air compressor, CI and SI engines, Valve travel diagram, Pre ignition,
Detonation and Diesel knock, Fuel injection, Carburetion, Super charging,
Turbo prop and Rocket engines. Cooling, Emission and Control.
Measurement of calorific value of fuels. Conventional and Nuclear fuels.

2. HEAT TRANSFER:
 Modes of heat transfer. One -dimensional steady and unsteady
conduction. Composite slab and equivalent resistance. Heat dissipation
from extended surfaces. Heat exchangers, Over all heat transfer
coefficient, Empirical correlations for heat transfer ;in laminar and
turbulent flow, Heat transfer in free and forced convection. Thermal
boundary layer over a flat plate. Fundamentals of diffusive and convective
mass transfer. Black body and fundamental concepts of radiation. Shape
factor, Network analysis.

3. REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING:
 Heat pump, Refrigeration cycles and systems, Refrigerants, Condensers,
Expansion devices, Psychrometry, Charts and application to air
conditioning, Sensible heating and cooling. Effective temperature, Comfort
indices, Load calculations. Solar refrigeration, Duct design.

4. STEAM GENERATORS AND TURBINES:
 Fire tube and water tube boilers. Binary vapour system. Flow of steam
through nozzles and Diff users. Dryness fraction, Condensation. Various
types of turbines, Compounding, Velocity triangles, Partial admission,
Reheat, Regeneration, Efficiency and Governance. Gas Turbines, Role of
Mach number.

5. THEORY OF MACHINES:
 Kinematic and DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PLANAR MECHANISMS CAMS
Gears and Gear trains. Fly wheels, Governors, Balancing of rotating
masses, Balancing of single and ;multi cylinder engines. Linear Vibrations
of mechanical systems, Transmissibility and Vibration Isolation. Critical
speeds. Two rotor and Three rotor systems. Automatic controls – Order
and Type of system, 2nd order system and its characteristics. Frequency
analysis. Stability, RouthHurwitz criterion, Nyquist criterion.

6. MACHINE DESIGN:
 Theories of failure, Design of Cotter joint , Keys, Splines, Welded Joints,
Threaded fasteners, Bolt of uniform strength, Screw Jack. Design of
Bearings, Couplings, Clutches, BELT DRIVES and Spur gear system.
Hydrodynamic and Antifriction bearings. Design of shafts for combined
loads. Helical and Leaf Springs. Thin and Thick walled pressure vessels.

7. ENGINEERING MATERIALS:
 Basic concepts of structure of solids. Crystalline Materials. Defects in
Crystalline materials. Alloys and Binary Phase diagrams. Structure ;and
properties of common Engineeri ng Materials. Heat treatment of Steels.
Plastics, Ceramics and Composite materials. Common applications of
various materials.

8. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING:
 Metal Forming: Basic principles of Forging, Drawing and Extrusion. High
energy rate forming. Powder Metallurgy. Metal Casting: Die casting,
Investment Casting, Shell molding, Centrifugal casting, Gating and Rising
design, Melting furnaces. Fabrication proc esses: Principles of Gas, Arc
and Shielded Arc welding. Advanced welding processes. Weldability,
Metallurgy of Welding. Metal cutting: Turning, Methods of Screw
production, Drilling, Boring, Milling, Gear Manufacturing, Production of
Flat surfaces, Grindin g and Finishing processes. Computer controlled
manufacturing systems -CNC, DNC, FMS, Automation and Robotics.
Cutting Tool Materials, Tool geometry, Mechanism of Tool Wear, Tool Life
and Machinability. Measurement of Cutting Forces. Economics of
Machining. Uncoventional Machining processes. Jigs and Fixtures. Fits
and Tolerances. Measurement of Surface texture. Comparators Alignment
Tests and Reconditioning of Machine Tools.

9. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING:
 Production planning and Control: Forecasting, Moving Averages,
Exponential Smoothing, Operations, Scheduling, Assembly line
balancing. Product Development, Break-even analysis, Capacity Planning,
PERT and CPM. Control Operations: Inventory Control, ABC analysis,
EOQ model, Material requirement Planning. Job Design, Job standards,
Work Measurement, Quality Management, Quality Analysis and Control.
Operations Research: Linear Programming – Graphical and simplex
methods. Transport and Assignment Models. Single server Queuing
Model. Value Engineering: Value analy sis for Cost value.

10. ELEMENTS OF COMPUTATION:
 Computer Organization, Flow charting, Features of Common Computer
Languages – FORTRAN, d Base III, Lotus1 -2-3,C and Elementary
Programming.

B.STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
a) Strength of Materials: Simple Stresses and Strains, Elastic Constants,
Shear Force and bending moment diagrams for beams, Compund stresses –
Principal Planes and Principal stresses – Mohr’s circle method, Theory of
bending, Distribution of shear stresses, Deflections – Macaulay method of
double integration, Theory of torsion, Thin and Thick cylinders, Shear centre,
Unsymmetrical bending.

b) Theory of Structures: Direct and bending stresses, Columns & Struts,
Strain energy method, Moving loads and influence lines, Arches, Suspensi on
bridges – static and kinematic indeterminacy, Analysis of Continuous beams
and portal frames – Moment distribution method, Slope deflection method and
Kani’s method, Coloumn analogy method and Matrix methods.

c) Concrete Structures: Materials and stresses, Stress blocks, Limit state
and working stress methods of design of Beams, Slabs, Columns and
Footings. Retaining walls, Water tanks, Slab and T -Beam bridges, Design for
Shear and Torsion, Yield line theory.

d) Steel Structures: Riveted and Welded joints and connections, Simple
and compound columns, Column bases, Roof trusses, Plate and Gantry
girders, Plate girder and Lattice girder railway bridges, Bearings. Plastic
analysis and design of beams and frames.

e) Prestressed concrete: Basic concepts, Material losses, System of
Prestressing, Analysis and design of beams.

C.CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. BUILDING MATERIALS:
 Timber: Different types and species of structural timber, density –
moisture relationship, strength in different directio ns, defects,
preservations, plywood.
 Bricks: Types, Indian standard classification, absorption, saturation
factor, strength in masonry, influence of mortar strength on masonry
strength.
 Cement: Compounds of different types, setting times, strength.
 Cement mortar: Ingredients, proportions, water demand, mortars for
plastering and masonry.
 Concrete: Importance of w/c ratio, strength, ingredients including
admixtures, workability, testing for strength, mix design methods, non –
destructive testing.

2. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
 Analysis of determinate structures – different methods. Analysis of
indeterminate skeletal frames – Moment distribution, Slope deflection,
Kani’s, Stiffness and force methods, Energy methods, Muller Breslan
principle and application. Plas tic analysis of indeterminate beams and
simple portal frames – Shape factors.

3. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES:
 Principles of working stress method. Design of connections, Simple
members, Built -up sections and Frames, Design of industrial roofs.
Principles of ultimate load design. Design of simple members.

4. DESGIN OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY STRUCTURES:
 Limit state design for bending, Shear, Axial compression and combined
forces. Codal provision for slabs, Beams, Columns and footings. Working
stress method of design of R.C. members. Principles of pre -stressed
concrete design, Materials, Methods of pre -stressing, losses. Design of
simple members and determinate structures. Design of brick masonry as
per IS codes.

5. CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT:
 Bar chart, Linked bar chart, Work break down structures, Activity – on –
arrow diagrams. Critical path, Probabilistic activity durations, Event
based networks. PERT network: Time -cost study, Crashing, Resource
allocation.

6. HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING:
 Hydrological cycle, Precipitation and related data analysis, Unit
hydrographs, Evaporati on and transpiration. Floods and their
management, Stream gauging, Routing of floods, Capacity of reservoirs.
Multi purpose uses of water: Soil -plant – Water relationships, Irrigation
systems. Water demand assessment: Storages and their yields. Ground
water yield and well Hydraulics. Water logging and drainage design.
Design of rigid boundary canals, Lacey ’s and tractive force concepts in
canal design, Lining of Canals, Sediment transport in canals, Non –
overflow and overflow dams and their design, Energy di ssipators, Design
of head works, Distribution works, Falls, Cross -drainage works, Outlets,
River training.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING:
a. Water Supplying Engineering: Sources of supply, Yields, Design of intakes
and conductors, Estimation of demand. Wate r quality standards, Control
of water borne diseases. Primary and secondary treatment. Conveyance
and distribution systems of treated water, Leakages and control. Rural
water supply. Institutional and industrial water supply.
b. Waste Water engineering: Urba n rain water disposal, Systems of sewage
collection and disposal. Design of sewers and sewerage systems, Pumping.
Characteristics of sewage and its treatment. Disposal of products of
sewage treatment. Plumbing systems. Rural and semi -urban sanitation.
c. Solid Waste Management: Sources and effects of air pollution, Monitoring
of air pollution, Noise pollution, Standards, Ecological chain and balance.
Environmental assessment.

8. SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING:
 Properties and classification of s oil, Compaction, Permeability and
Seepage, Flow nets, Inverted filters, Compressibility and consolidation.
Shearing resistance, Stresses and failure. Soil testing in laboratories and
in-situ, Earth pressure theories, Stress distribution in soils, Soil
exploration, Samplers, Load tests, Penetration tests. Types of foundations,
Selection criteria, Bearing capacity, Settlement, Laboratory and field tests,
Types of piles and their design and layout. Foundations on expansive soils,
Swelling and its prevention, Foundation on swelling soils.

9. SURVEYING AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING:
 Classification of surveys, Scales, Accuracy, Measurement of distances,
Direct and indirect methods, Optical and electronic devices, Measurement
of directions, Prismatic compass, Local attraction, Theodlytes, Types,
Measurement of elevations, Spirit and trigonometric leveling, Contours,
Digital elevation modeling concept, Establishment of control by
triangulations and traversing, Measurement and adjustment of
observations, Computation of coordinates, Field astronomy, Concept of
global positioning system, Map preparation by plane tabling and by
photogrammetry, Remote sensing concepts, Map substitutes. Planning of
Highway systems, Alignment and geometric design, Horizontal and
vertical curves, Grade separation, Materials and construction methods for
different surfaces and maintenance. Principles of pavement design,
Drainage. Traffic surveys, Intersections, Signaling, Mass transit systems,
Accessibility, Networking.

D.PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
UNIT – I
CASTING:
 Steps involved in making a casting – Advantage of casting and its
applications. – Patterns and Pattern making – Types of patterns –
Materials used for patterns, pattern allowances and their construction,
Principles of Gating, Gating ra tio and design of Gating systems.
Solidification of casting – Concept – Solidification of pure metal and alloys,
short & long freezing range alloys. Risers – Types function and design,
casting design considerations, special casting processes 1) Centrifugal , 2)
Die, 3) Investment. 4) Methods of Melting: Crucible melting and cupola
operation, steel making processes, special.

UNIT – II
WELDING:
 Classification of welding process types of welds and welded joints and their
characteristics, design of welded joints, Gas welding, ARC welding, Forge
welding, resistance welding, Thermit welding and Plasma (Air and water)
welding. Cutting of Metals: Oxy – Acetylene Gas cutting, water plasma.
Cutting of ferrous, non-ferrous metals.

UNIT – III
 Inert gas welding, TIG & MIG, welding, Friction welding, Induction
welding, Explosive welding, Laser welding, Soldering & Brazing. Heat
affected zones in welding; w elding defects – causes and remedies –
destructive non destructive testing of welds.

UNIT – IV
 Hot working, cold working, strain hardening, recovery, recrystallisation
and grain growth, Comparison of properties of Cold and Hot worked parts,
rolling fund amentals – theory of rolling, types of Rolling mills and
products. Forces in rolling and power requirements.

UNIT – V
 Elementary treatment of metal cutting theory – Element of cutting process
– Geometry of single point tool and angles chip formation and types of
chips – built up edge and its effects chip breakers. Mechanics of
orthogonal cutting – Merchant’s Force diagram, cutting forces – cutting
speeds, feed, depth of cut, tool life, coolants, machinability – Tool
materials. Kinematic schemes of machin e tools – Constructional features
of speed gear box and feed gear box.

UNIT – VI
 Engine lathe – Principle of working, specification of lathe – types of lathe
– work holders tool holders – Box tools Taper turning thread turning – for
Lathes and attachmen ts. Turret and capstan lathes – collect chucks –
other work holders – tool holding devices – box and tool layout. Principal
features of automatic lathes – classifications – Single spindle and multi –
spindle automatic lathes – tool layout and cam design.

UNIT – VII
 Shaping slotting and planning machines – Principles of working –
Principal parts – Specification classification, operations performed.
Kinematic scheme of the shaping slotting and planning machines,
machining time calculations.

UNIT – VIII
Drilling and Boring Machines – Principles of working, specifications, types,
operations performed – tool holding devices – twist drill – Boring machines –
Fine boring machines – Jig Boring machine. Deep hole drilling machine.
Kinematics scheme of the drilling and boring machines.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, PHYSICS
Paper-II
 Mathematical Methods of Physics
Dimensional analysis. Vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra,
matrices, Cayley -Hamilton Theorem. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Linear
ordinary differential equations of first & second order. Special functions
(Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre and Legendre functions). Fourier series, Fourier
and Laplace transforms. Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions;
Taylor & Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals.
Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson and
normal distributions. Central limit theorem.
Data interpretation and analysis. Precision and accuracy. Error analysis,
propagation of errors. Least squares fitting, Linear and non-linear curve fitting
and Chi-Square Test.
Green’s function. Partial differential equations (Laplace, wave and heat
equations in two and three dimensions). Elements of computational
techniques: root of functions, interpolation, ext rapolation, integration by
trapezoid and Simpson’s rule. Solution of first order differential equation
using Runge-Kutta method. Finite difference methods. Tensors. Introductory
group theory.
 Classical Mechanics
Newton’s laws. Dynamical systems, Three spa ce dynamics, stability analysis.
Central force motions. Two body Collisions – scattering in laboratory and
Centre of mass frames. Rigid body dynamics -moment of inertia tensor. Non –
inertial frames and pseudoforces. Variational principle. Generalized

coordinates. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism and equations of motion.
Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates. Periodic motion: small oscillations,
normal modes. Special theory of relativity -Lorentz transformations,
relativistic kinematics and mass-energy equivalence.
Poisson brackets and canonical transformations. Symmetry, invariance and
Noether’s theorem. Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
 Electromagnetic Theory
Maxwell’s equation : Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson
equations, boundary value problems. Magnetostatics : Biot -Savart law,
Ampere’s theorem. Electromagnetic induction, Maxwell’s equations in free
space isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces. Scalar
and vector potentials, gauge invariance. Electromagnetic waves in free space.
Dielectrics and conductors. Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s
law, interference, coherence, and diffraction. Dynamics of charged particles
in static and uniform electromagnetic fields. Charged particles in
inhomogeneous fields.
Dispersion relations in plasma. Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equation.
Transmission lines and wave guides. Radiation – from moving charges and
dipoles and retarded potentials.
 Quantum Mechanics
Wave-particle duality. Schrödinger equation (time -dependent and time –
independent). Eigenvalue problems (particle in a box, harmonic oscillator,
etc.). Tunneling through a barrier. Wave -function in coordinate and
momentum representations. Commutators and Heisenberg uncertainty
principle. Dirac notation for state vectors. Motion in a central potential :
orbital angular momentum, angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of
angular momenta; Hydrogen atom. Stern -Gerlach experiment. Time –
independent perturbation theory and applications. Variational method. Time
dependent perturbation theory and Fermi’s golden rule, selection rules.
Identical particles, Pauli exclusion principle, spin -statistics connection.
Spin-orbit coupling, fine structure. WKB approximation. Elementary theory
of scattering : phase shifts, partial waves, Born approximation. Relativistic
quantum mechanics : Klein -Gordon and Dirac equations. Semi -classical
theory of radiation.
 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics
Laws of thermodynamics and their significance. Thermodynamic potentials,
Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibria. Phase space, micro –
and macro -states. Micro -canonical, canonical and grand -canonical
ensembles and partition functions. Free energy and its connection with

thermodynamic quantities. Classical and quantum statistics. Bose and Fermi
gases. Principle of detailed balance. Blackbody radiation and Planck’s
distribution law.
First- and second -order phase transitions. D iamagnetism, paramagnetism,
and ferromagnetism. Ising model. Bose -Einstein condensation. Diffusion
equation. Random walk and Brownian motion. Introduction to
nonequilibrium processes.
 Electronics
Semiconductors devices (diodes, junctions, transistors, fiel d effect devices,
homo- and hetero-junction devices), device structure, device characteristics,
frequency dependence and applications. Opto -electronic devices (solar cells,
photo-detectors, LEDs). Operational amplifiers and their applications. Digital
techniques and applications (Logic circuits, registers, counters and
comparators). A/D and D/A converters. Microprocessor microcontroller
basics. Fundamentals of communication electronics, modulation techniques.
 Atomic & Molecular Physics
Quantum states of an electron in an atom. Electron spin. Spectrum of helium
and alkali atom. Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom,
hyperfine structure and isotopic shift, width of spectrum lines, LS & JJ
couplings. Zeeman, Paschen -Bach & Stark effects. Electron spin resonance.
Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift. Franck -Condon principle.
Electronic, rotational, vibrational and Raman spectra of diatomic molecules,
selection rules. Lasers : spontaneous and stimulated emission, Ei nstein A &
B coefficients. Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation. Modes
of resonators and coherence length.
 Condensed Matter Physics
Bravais lattices. Reciprocal lattice. Diffraction and the structure factor.
Bonding of solids. Elastic prop erties, phonons, lattice specific heat. Free
electron theory and electronic specific heat. Response and relaxation
phenomena. Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity. Hall effect
and thermoelectric power. Electron motion in a periodic potential, band
theory of solids : metals, insulators and semiconductors. Superconductivity :
type-I and type -II superconductors. Josephson junctions. Superfluidity.
Defects and dislocations. Ordered phases of matter: translational and
orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order. Quasi crystals.
Electron spin resonance, Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift and
applications. X-ray diffraction technique, scanning electron microscopy and
transmission electron microscopy.

 Nuclear and Particle Physics
Basic nuclear properties ; size, shape and charge distribution, spin and
parity. Binding energy, semi -empirical mass formula, liquid drop model.
Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon -nucleon potential, charge –
independence and charge -symmetry of nuclea r forces. Deuteron problem.
Evidence of shell structure, single -particle shell model, its validity and
limitations. Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays and their
selection rules. Fission and fusion. Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism,
compound nuclei and direct reactions.
Classification of fundamental forces. Elementary particles and their quantum
numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.). Quark model,
baryons and mesons. C, P, and T invariance. Application of symmetry
arguments to particle reactions. Parity non-conservation in weak interaction.
Relativistic kinematics.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, CHEMISTRY
Paper-II
A. CHEMISTRY
A.Inorganic Chemistry:-
1. Atomic structure & Chemical Bonding – Quantum theory Schrodinger
– wave equation – Hydrogen atom,Hydrogen molecule – Elements on
valence bond – molecular orbital theories.
2. Determination of molecular structure – X – ray and electron diffraction
methods.
3. Periodic classification (Classical and modern) periodic functions of
elements – atomic volume – atomic radious electronegativity -oxidation
states – lattice energy and their applications.
4. Chemistry of d-block elements – Physical and chemical characteristics
of the transition elements – Characteristics related to electronic
arrangements oxidation states – colow magnetic properties – Complex
formation – interstitial L-S couping – Hund’s rule. A General study of the
first transition series.
5. Chemistry of F-block elements – Lanthanons and Actinons – electronic
configurations – oxidation’s states – Separation of Lanthanons and
Actinons.

6. Chemistry of complex compounds: Jourgenson and werner’s views –
effective atomic number – valence bond theory – Introductory treatment of
crystalfield theory applied to complexes with co-ordination number 6.
7. Isomerism in complexes: Geometrical and optical isomerism of four and
six co-ordinated complexes. Pearson’s theory of hard and soft acids and
bases.
8. Study of the following elements and their modern Chemistry Be, Ti,
Zr, Hf, V, Mo, W, U, and Th.
9. Alloys: Interimettalic compounds.
B.Physical Chemistry:
10. Radio activity: Elementary account of nuclear structure natural and
artificial radio activity – characterization of relations – decay chains-half-
life-decay constant and average life. Radio -active series, atomic
transmutation – atomic fission and fusion reactions and their applications
– nuclear isomers and their separations.
11. Kinetic theory of gases: Equations of st ate – critical constants – States
of aggregation – liquid states – viscosity – physical properties an chemical
constitution – collision theory of derivation of the collision – number from
Kinetic theory of gases.
12. Chemical Kinetics: order and molecularity o f reaction first order and
second order reactions – law of mass action – influence of temperature
and pressure – thermo-dynamic derivation of Law of mass action –
unimolecular reactions Lindemann’s theory.
13. Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics and it s applications to
ideal gases, energy and enthalpy changes in gases, heat capacities of gases
and their inter-relation.
Isothermal and adiabatic processes – Kirchoff’s equation and its
applications – Vant Hoff’s isotherm isochore equilibria in heterogeneou s
system. Second Flaw of thermo dynamics (Joules and Joule Thomson
experiments). Entropy change in an isolated system for reversible and
irrevbersible processes – Variation on entropy of a system with
temperature and pressure.
C.Organic Chemistry:
14. Heterocylic compounds and chemistry of neutral products –
Importance of heterocyclic compounds – classification based on the
natury of heterocetom, size of the ring and II excessive and II deficient
nature of the ring.

A general and comparative study of Fu ran pyrole and thiophene Ring
transformations. General comparison with benzenoidd compounds,
pyridine, quinotine, Isoquinoline and acrdine -fII deficient nature of
heterocylic rings – case of nucleophilic substitution.
15. Methods of synthesis, reactivity and p roperties of the following
polynuclear aromatic compounds: anthracene, Benzanthracene,
Phenontherene Chryeneand picene.
16. Benzopyrones: Couamarins and Chromones.
17. Alkaloids: General occurrence, reactions and degradations. Chemical and
Physico-Chemical methods for the elucidation of structures-synthesis and
structural elucidation of the following alakaloids – atropine – cocaine –
quinene – Narcotine – papaverine.
18. Organic reaction mechanism: Structure and reactivity of organic
molecules – Factors affecting Electron density in a band-inductive, induct
rometric, mesomeric, (reasonance) and electrometric effects,
hyperconjugation – Dipole moments-acedic and basic strength of organic
Compounds.
Modern concepts of organic reaction mechanisms – Addition, substitution
and elimination reactions – simple examples and their mechanism. The
intermediate carboniumion formation and its participation in organic
reactions. Addition C -C, system -pinocol-pincolene rearrange
rearrangements. Automatic substitution – Formation and hydr olysis of
esters.
19. Some name reactions: Wurtz-Friedel-Crafts, Fries Gatter -mann – Perin
– Beckmann’s rearrangements and Grignard reactions.
20. Carbohydrates: General reactions of monosaccha rides – configurational
studies on glucose, fructose, sucrose, Recent advances in the Chemistry
of cellulose and starch.
21. Proteins – Introduction to proteins – their classification – Nomenclature
and distribution in nature simple, amino acids – Isolation and their
synthesis.
22. General Ideas regarding the chemistry of vitamins & Harmones
nicotine, B-Carotene and Vitamin C.
23. Alicyclic compounds: Synthesis and reactions Bayers strain theory –
Factors affecting stability of conformation – terpenes – citral – gerniol –
limonenene – terpinol – pinene and camphor.
24. Stereo Chemistry: Opticnal and geometrtic isomerism configuration of
saturated molecues – DL and RS configuration of optically active
compound-racemic – mixtures – racemisation and resolution.

25. Molecular spectra: NMR, Chemical shift – Spin – Spincoupling – ESR of
simple radicals – Rotational Spectra, diatomic molecules, linear triatomic
molecules, isotopic substitution – Vibrational and Raman Spectra.
Physical Chemistry:
26. Electro-Chemistry: Equivalent conductance and its measurement. The
independent migration of jons – kholraush’s Law. Transport number and
their determination. Ionic mobilities. Equivalent conductance of weak and
strong electrolytes. Inter -ionic attraction theory treated quantitatively –
Debye-huckle-onsager equation. Determination of solubilities from
conductance measurements -–Conductometric titration’s.
Ionic product of water and its determination from conductance and EMF
methods – theories of acids and bases – Hydrogen ion concentration and
its measurements from E.M.F.measurements using Hydrogen quin –
hydroen and glass electrodes – Buffer solutions – Henderson’s equation
potentiometric titration’s – Determinations of equilibrium constant and
solubilities from E.M.F.measurements – Gibbs – Helmbholtz equation and
its application to chemical cells.
27. Photo – Chemistry: Laws on absorption of light – Gretius – Draper Laws
– Einstiens Law in Chain reactions – Hydrogen chlorine reactions –
absorption – Laws of absorption.
28. Surface Chemistry and catalysis – Absorption isotherms, surface area
determination, heterogeneous catalysis, acid-base and enzyme cotolysis.

B. FORENSIC SCIENCE
 Introduction to forensic science:
Definition of forensic science – History of forensic science – Organization
of forensic science laboratories and other allied institutions – Duties of
forensic scientists – Physical evidence and Loccard’s exchange principle –
Classification of physical evi dence – Role of forensic science in crime
investigation – Crime scene – Crime scene management – Searching of
crime scene for physical evidence – Collection, preservation, packing and
forwarding of physical evidence to forensic science laboratory – Chain of
custody – Reconstruction of scene of crime.
 Basic wet analytical chemistry:
Nature and scope of analytical chemistry – Classification of analytical
methods – Macro, semi-micro, micro and ultra micro analytical methods

– Conventional and instrumental met hods of analysis – Comparative,
absolute, qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis.
Theoretical principles of analytical chemistry – Law of mass action and its
application – Le Chatlier and Braun principle – van’t Hoff reaction
isotherm –
Dissociation theory – Electrolytes and non electrolytes – Classification of
acids, bases and salts according to their degree of dissociation –
Dissociation of acids, bases and salts – Dissociation constants – Common
ion effect – Solubility product – Conditions for precipitation – Order of
precipitation – Factors affecting precipitation – Diverse ion effect –
Ionization of water – pH value – pOH value, Relation between pOH: pH
scale – pH scale – Salt hydrolysis – Degree of hydrolysis and hydrolysis
constant – Buffer solutions – Buffer action – Calculation of pH of a buffer
solution – preparation of buffer solutions – Completeness of a chemical
reaction – Complex compounds – Oxidation reduction reactions –
Oxidation reduction potentials.
Organic reagents in de tection of inorganic ions – Oxidizing and reducing
agents in organic chemistry – Inorganic and organic spot tests – Micro
chemical tests – Physical tests – Qualitative inorganic analysis – Group
separations for cations and anions – Interfering radicals – Elemental
analysis of organic compounds – Functional group analysis – Schemes of
identification of unknown solids, liquids and gases ( inorganic and
organic) – Confirmation tests and their importance – Sensitivity and limit
of detection – Alternative method s of analysis – Physical separation
methods – Distillation – Extraction – Precipitation – Crystallization –
Chromatographic methods.
Volumetric / Titrimetric methods of analysis:
Volumetric / Titrimetric methods of analysis – General principle –
Equivalence point and end point – Fundamental requirement of a
titrimetric method – Standard solution – Detection of end point – Indirect
titrations – Types of reactions – Calculations in titrimetry – Aqueous acid-
base titrimetry – Acids and bases –Preparation of s tandard solutions –
Primary standards – Indicators – Theory of indicators – Strong acid –
strong base; weak acid -strong base; weak base -strong acid and weak
acid-weak base titrations – Acid-base titrimetry in nonaqueous solvents –
Redox titrimetry – Oxidation and reduction – Oxidant and reductant –
Iodimetry and iodometry – Permanganometry – Dichromatometry –
Precipitation methods – Argentometry – Complexometry – EDTA methods
– Instrumental methods and automated volumetric analysis.

 Gravimetric methods of analysis:
Gravimetric methods of analysis – Basic Digestion of precipitates –
Washing of precipitates – Drying and ignition of precipitates – Thermal
decomposition of precipitates – Organic precipitants – Extraction methods
in gravimetry – Determination of chloride, suphate, iron, calcium and
nickel as examples principles – Factors affecting gravimetric analysis –
Requirements of quantitative separation – The process of precipitation –
Saturated and supersaturated solution – Nucleation – Crystal growth –
Conditions of precipitation – Completeness of precipitation – factors
influencing solubility – Purity of a precipitate – Adsorption of ions on
precipitates – Co precipitation – Occlusion and post precipitation.
 Instrumental methods of analysis:
Unit Measurem ents, signals and data – Introduction – Signal to noise
ratio – Sensitivity and detection limit, sources of noise – Evaluation and
measurement – Accuracy and instrument calibration.
 Atomic Spectrometry – Spectrometric methods – General properties of
Electromagnetic Radiation – Wave and quantum mechanical properties of
radiation – Optical Atomic Spectra – Principles, instrumentation ,
techniques and forensic applications of: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
– Atomic Emission Spectrometry – Atomic Mass Spectrometry.
 Molecular Spectroscopy – Introduction to UV -Visible Molecular
Absorption Spectrometry – Measurement of Transmittance and
Absorbance – Beer’s Law – Instrumentation of UV – Visible Molecular
Absorption Spectrometry – Molar Absorptivities – Absorbing Spe cies –
Application to Qualitative Analysis – Quantitative Analysis – Photometric
Titrations –Molecular Luminescence Spectrometry – Theory of
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence – Instrumentation for Fluorescence
and Phosphorescence Measurements – Applications of Photoluminescence
methods – Chemiluminescence – Infrared Spectrometry – Theory – Infrared
Sources and Transducers – Instrumentation –Dispersive and FT
instruments -Techniques and Applications –IR Micro spectrometry –
Forensic Applications of IR Spectro metric methods.
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry – Principles,
Instrumentation, Techniques and Forensic Applications.
 Chromatographic Techniques – Introduction – History of
Chromatography – Theoretical principles of Chromatography –
Classification o f Chromatographic Methods – Adsorption and Partition
Chromatography – Principles, instrumentation, techniques and

applications of Thin Layer and High Performance Thin Layer
Chromatography, Method Development in Planar Chromatography – Gas
Chromatography – Instrumentation – Detectors – Adsorption, Partition,
Gas Solid, Gas Liquid, Isothermal, Linear Temperature Programming,
Chiral, Pyrolysis and Derivatization Chromatography – Columns and
Stationary Phases – Column Efficiency –Method Development – Forensic
Applications of Gas Chromatography – High Performance Liquid
Chromatography – Instrumentation Detectors – Columns and Stationary
Phases – Isocratic, Gradient, Adsorption, Partition, Ion and Derivatization
Chromatography – Method Development – Applications o f Liquid
Chromatography- Super Critical Fluid Chromatography – Properties of
Super Critical Fluids – Instrumentation – Columns – Detectors –
Applications – Capillary electrophoresis – Principles – Instrumentation –
Techniques and Applications.
 Molecular Mass Spectrometry – Molecular Mass Spectra – Ion Sources –
Mass Spectrometers – Qualitative and Quantitative Applications of
Molecular Mass Spectrometry – Interpretation of Mass Spectra
Hyphenated techniques – Principle, instrumentation, techniques and
applications of GC-FTIR, GC-MS, LC-MS, MS-MS.
 Thermal Methods:
 Principles, Instrumentation, Techniques and Applications of:
Thermogravimetric Methods – Differential Thermal Analysis – Differential
Scanning Calorimetry.
 Radiochemical Methods:
 Radioactive Isotopes – Principles, Instrumentation, Techniques and
Application of Neutron Activation Analysis and Isotope Dilution
Methods.
 Electrochemical Techniques:
Introduction – Principles, instrumentation, techniques and applications
of Potentiometry, Ion-selective electrodes, Coulometry and Polarography.
 Forensic Chemistry:
Forensic Chemistry – Introduction – Types of cases / exhibits – Preliminary
screening – presumptive tests (colour and spot tests) – Examinations
procedures involving standard methods and instrumental techniques.

Qualitative and quantitative forensic analysis of inorganic and organic
material – Chemical fertilizers (N,P,K) _ Insecticides (Endosu lfan,
Malathion, Carbaryl) – Metallurgical analysis (Fe, Cu, Zn, Au, Ag) –
Natural products (tobacco, tea, sugars, rubber) – Industrial chemicals –
Sulphuric, Nitric and Hydrochloric acids, Sodium, Potassium hydroxide,
Ammonium nitrate, Potassium chlorate, Organic solvents like Methanol,
Ethanol, Acetone, Chloroform and Ether Organic chemicals like
Acetanilide, P- Aminophenol, Nitrobenzene etc. with reference to forensic
work.
 Examination of petroleum products – Distillation and fractionation –
various fractions and their commercial uses – Standard method of analysis
of petroleum products – Analysis if petroleum products for adulteration
and arson residues.
 Chemistry of fire – Investigation and evaluation of fires – Causes of fire –
Analysis of arson residues by conventional and instrumental methods.
 Analysis of trace evidence – Cosmetics, Dyes, Trap related evidence
materials, Paints, Pigments, Fibres, Oils fats, Greases, Industrial dusts,
Chemicals and Plant materials.
 Analysis of beverages: Composition and analysis of alcoholic and non –
alcoholic beverages, country made liquor, illicit liquor and medicinal
preparations containing alcohol – Common adulterants and toxic
substances in alcoholic beverages.
 Analysis of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances – Introduction
– classification of NDPS / drugs of abuse – Drug abuse – Drugs of abuse
in sports – Designers drugs – Forensic examination of NDPS – Clandestine
laboratories – Drug profiling.
The study of NDPS should be exemplified by Opiates, Cannabis, Cocaine,
Amphetamines, Benzodiazepines, Disubstituted Quinazolones,
Barbiturates and LSD, Psylocybin, Mescaline and MDMA.
Drugs and Cosmetic Act, Excise Act, NDPS Act.
 Explosives and Explosion residues:
Explosives and Explosion residues – composition, Classif ication, and
characteristics of explosives, pyrotechnics, IEDs – Explosion process and
effects – Approach to scene of explosion – post-blast explosion residue
collection – Reconstruction of sequence of events – Evaluation and
assessment of scene of explosi on – Systematic analysis of explosives and

explosion residues in the laboratory using chemical and instrumental
techniques (exemplified by country bomb compositions, Picric acid, Gun
powder, Ammonium nitrate, NG, NC, TNT, PETN, TETRYL, RDX and HMX)
– Synthesis of above organic explosives – Profiling and tagging of
explosives- Interpretation of results, Explosives Act and Explosive
Substances Act.
 Forensic toxicology:
Toxicology- Introduction- History- Scope- Areas of Toxicology – Role of
forensic toxicologi st- Poisons-Classification of poisons – Types of
poisoning- Sample collection and preservation of toxicological exhibits in
fatal and survival cases – Storage of samples – Signs and symptoms of
poisoning-Toxicological investigation/examination of poisoned dea th-
Interpretation of toxicological data -Courtroom testimony in toxicological
cases. Case Histories.
Pharmacokinetics – Methods of transportation of toxicant – Absorption-
Distribution- Storage of toxicants- Redistribution – Metabolism-Oxidation
– Reduction – Hydrolysis – Conjugation – Excretion-Other routes of
elimination- Toxicokinetics- one and two compartmental model –
Toxicodynamics-Spectrum of undesired (toxic) effects – Interaction of
chemicals- Tolerance- Dose response relationship -Developmental and
reproductive toxicity-Mutagenicity- Toxicity testing.
Introduction- Extraction, Isolation and Clean -up procedures in
toxicological analysis – Identification and quantitation of poisons by
physical, chemical, chromatographic, spectrophotometric,
electrophoretic, immunoassay- and other methods.
(Metals, anions, volatile poisons, gases, drugs, pesticides and
miscellaneous poisons such as plant poisons, radioactive materials,
animal toxins). Field testing in toxicological work – Therapeutic drug
monitoring – Analysis of drug abuse in sports – Emergency hospital
toxicology.
Management of acute poisoning – Introduction- Maintenance of vital
functions- Measures to enhance elimination of poisons – Removal of
unabsorbed poisons – Antidotes- Classification of antidotes-Mechanism of
action of antidote (cyanide, methanol, arsenic, opiate, carbon monoxide,
nitrite, acetaminophen and pesticides) Identifying route of administration of
poison- Estimation of time and dose after administration of poison – Recovery
and after care of patients- Poison Information/Control Centre. Case Histories.

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, BIOLOGY
Paper-II
A.BIOTECHNOLOGY
1) CELL BIOLOGY: Diversity of cell size and shape. Cell theory, microscopic
techniques for study of cells. Sub-cellular fractionation and criteria of functional
integrity. Cellular organelles-Plasma membrane, cell wall, Mitochondria,
Chloroplast, Nucleus and other organelles and their organization, structure
and functions. Cell motility -cilla, flagella of eukaryotes. Transport of
nutrients, ions and macromolecules across membranes. Liposomes, drug
delivery systems, cellular energy transactions-role of mitochondria and
chloroplast. Molecular assemblies like membranes; structure and functional
aspects. Ribosome’s, extra cellular matrix. Cell cycle – Overview of eukaryotic
cell cycle, regulation of cell cycle by cell growth and extra cellular signals. Cell
cycle check points. Regulators of cell cycle progression – MPF, cyclins and
cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell death and proliferation – Apoptosis: definition,
differences between apoptosis and necrosis and mechanism. Cancer: Types
and Classification, Development and Properties of Cancer cells. Somatic
mutations in cancer cells. Biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Signal
transduction: types of receptors, second messengers (calcium,
phoshoinositides and Nitric oxide). Meiosis, Gametogenesis, fertilization and
Development of chick embryo.
2) BIOMOLECULES AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Chemical
foundations of Biology water, pH, pK, acids, bases, buffers, weak bonds,
covalent bonds. Principles of thermodynamics. Classification, structure and
functions of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
Chromatography Methods; partition, ion exchange, and affinity methods,
criteria for purity, proteins and nucleic acids sequencing methods, Hormones,
vitamins and minerals.
Analytical techniques: Principle, instrumentation and applications of VIS/UV,
IR, NMR, LASER Raman Spectroscopy MASS Spectroscopy, Fluorescence
Spectroscopy, Differential colorimetry, X -ray Crystallography, Ultra
centrifugation, Electron Cryomicroscopy and Scanning Tunneling microscopy.
Methods of cell study; confocal microscopy, Flowcytometry and FACS
(fluorescence activated cell sorter) and atomic force microscopy.
Radiochemical methods; Stable and radioactive isotopes, measurement of
radioactivity by Liquid scintillation counting, GM counters and
autoradiography. Specific activity and precursor-product relationship. Tracer
studies and Effect of radiation on cells.
3) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: DNA Structure, replication, repair and
recombination, Transcripition, regulation and post transcriptional
modifications in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Transcriptional and post-

transcriptional gene silencing. Translation and regulation in Prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, co-translation and post -translational modifications of proteins.
Protein Localization-Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins, import into
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes, Biology of Cancer-
Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor genes, Structure, function and
mechanism of action of pRB and p53 tumor suppressor proteins.
Antisense oligonucelotides, molecular targets of drug action and Ribozyme
Technology. Homologous Recombination-Holliday model gene targeting, gene
disruption, FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination RecA and other
recombinases. Molecular Mapping of Genome, Genes, mutation and
mutagenesis, site directed mutagenesis and Human genome project,
Transposons.
4) BIOSTATISTICS: Frequency distribution, Distribution of data
bionomial, poission and normal. Measures of central tendency-mean, median,
mode and standard deviation-probability distribution-regression-correlation-
Analysis of variance-tests of significance- T-test, F-test, Chi-square test.
5) MICROBIOLOGY: Discovery of the microbial world; Distinguishing
features of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; general role of microorganisms in
transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases; Microbial
taxonomy; Classification, Nomenclature and new approaches to microbial
taxonomy; Pure culture techniques; sterilization methods; Principles of
microbial nutrition and composition of culture media; culture enrichment
techniques; Growth and its mathematical expression; synchronized cultures,
Culture collection and maintenance of cultures; Purple and green bacteria
Ricketsias; Chlamydia and Mycoplasma. Archea; Viruses: structure and
replication of viruses; DNA viruses and RNA viruses; Vi roids and Prions;
Viruse and their Genetic System; Bacteriophages; RNA phages; Retroviruses,
Biomass and Bioenergy.
6) IMMUNOLOGY: Phylogeny of immune System; Innate and acquired
immunity; Hematopoietic and differentiation, cells and organs of the immune
system; Lymphocyte trafficking; Antigencity and super antigens;
Immunoglobulin types, structure and function, Antigen-antibody interactions;
Blood groups, Cell migration and Homing, Immunoglobulin and gene
organization. Major histocompatibility complex, BCR and TCR and generation
of diversity; Complement system, Antigen processing and presentation,
generation of humeral and cell mediated immune responses; Activation of B-
and T-lymphocytes, Cytokines and their role in immune regulation; Cell
mediated cytotoxic, Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, Transplantation, Tumor
Immunology, AIDS and other Immunodeficiency; Hybridoma Technology,
Psychoneuro-immunology,
Single chain antibodies, theories of antibody diversity, Vaccines – Concept of
immunization, routes of vaccination. Types of vaccines – Whole organism

(attenuated and inactivated) and component vaccines (synthetic peptides,
DNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines, subunit vaccines, conjugate vaccines.
Vaccine delivery systems.
7) BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING: Fermentation-types of 27odelling27 and
bioreactor design, cell concentration and stirring. Filtration, methods of cell
disruption. Downstream processing, industrial applications of bioprocess.
Synchronized and continuous culturing. Industrial production of glutamic acid,
citric acid, ethanol, penicillin and riboflavin. Purification and crystallization of
products.
8) ENZYME TECHNOLOGY: Discovery classifications and nomenclature of
enzymes. Techniques of enzymes isolation and assay, Intracellular localization
of enzymes, Isoenzymes, Multienzyme complexes and multifunctional
enzymes Physico -chemical characterization of enzymes, Enzymes kinetics,
kinetic of enzymes of inhibition. Allosterism, Enzyme memory and mnemonic
enzymes, Various techniques used for the immobilization of enzymes and their
applications in Biotechnology. Purification of enzymes and their applications,
Single cell proteins. Industrial application of enzyme, applications in
biosensors.
9) ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Ecological balance, resiliency
of ecosystem and sustainable development, environmental pollution and
global problems, water, air, soil pollution and their impacts on environment
and biotechnological approaches for management, waste water treatment:
aerobic and anaerobic processes, bioremediation of contaminated soils and
waste land, biotechnological treatment for industrial effluents and solid wastes.
GM microbes.
10) GENETIC ENGINEERING: Discovery, properties and application of
Restriction enzymes, Cloning and expression vectors, Purification of plasmids,
genomic DNA and mRNA. Genomic and cDNA Library construction and
screening of recombinants by hybridization methods, Reporter assays, protein
engineering- site directed mutagenesis, adding disulfide bonds – changing
asparagines to other amino acids modification of metal cofactor requirements.
Increasing of specific activity Stability to thermal and salinity conditions, Phage
Display library and yeast two hybrid system. Gene transfer methods Tagging,
Role of gene tagging analysis; Gene Therapy, Gene silencing methods,
Biochips.
11) BIOINFORMATICS: Biological databases, ORF finding, EST analysis,
gene identification, microsatellite repeat patterns, Blast all flavours, Mutation
matrix, global Vs local alignments, Dot plots, PAM and BLOSUM matrices,
Multiple sequence 27odelling, alignments dendrograms, phylograms, protein
structure prediction methods, molecular 27odelling, Primer design, QSAR, Drug
designing

12) PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: Selection of explants, micro and macro
Propagation techniques in plant tissue culture suspension culture, single cell.
Anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants.
Cryopreservation for germplasm conservation. Plant Transformation
technology, Transgene stability and gene silencing. Application of plant
Transformation for productivity and performance. Metabolic Engineering and
Industrial products: Plant secondary metabolites, industrial enzymes,
biodegradable plastics, therapeutic proteins, antibodies, edible vaccines.
Molecular marker assisted selection and Breeding: RFLP maps, RAPD
markers, STS, microsatellites, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified
regions), SSCP (single stand conformational polymorphism), AFLP, GM Crops
13) ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Animal cell culture technology, simple and
complex growth media, cell culture techniques, primary and established cell
lines. Biology and characterization of the cultured cells, measuring growth
parameters, maintenance of cell culture, Measurement of viability and
cytotoxicity, cell separation. Scaling–up of animal cell culture. Cell
synchronization. Cell cloning and micromanipulation. Cell transformation.
Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications. Cell culture
based vaccines. Organ and histotypic cultures. Apoptosis, measurement of cell
death. Biodegradation of Toxicants, Diagnostic aids, organ perfusion studies.,
GM animals.
Principles and preparation of DNA and RNA probes and their applications:
Study and expression of cloned genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotic systems.
Microbial production of interferon, human growth hormone, insulin in E.coli.
Genetic Engineering – Social and moral implications, national and international
guidelines/regulations. Biotechnology patents and safeguarding human
health.

B.BOTANY

1) CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS:
 Cell Wall: Structure and functions, biogenesis, growth.
 Plasma membrane: Structure, models and functions: Sites for ATPases,
Ion carriers, Channels and pumps, Receptors.
 Plasmodesmata: Structure, Role in movement of molecules and
macromolecules, Comparison with gap junctions.
 Chloroplast: Structure, genome organization, gene expression, RNA
editing, nucleo-chloroplastic interactions.
 Mithochondria: Structure, genome organization, Biogenesis.

 Plant Vacuoles: Tonoplast membrane, ATPases, transporters, as storage
organelle.
 Nucleus: Structure, nuclear pores, nucleosome organization, DNA
structure: A, B and Z forms, replication, damage and repair, transcription,
Plant promoters and transcription factors, splicing mRNA transport,
nucleolus, rRNA biosynthesis.
 Ribosomes: Structure, site of protein synthesis, mechanism of translation,
initiation, elongation and termination; structure and role of tRNA.
 Protein sorting: Targeting of proteins to organelles.
 Cell shape and motility: The cytoskeleton; organization and role of
microtubules and microfilaments; motor movements; implications in
flagellar and other movements.
 Cell cycle and apoptosis: Control mechanisms; role of cyclins and cyclin
dependent kinases; retinoblastoma and E2F proteins; cytokinesis and cell
plate formation; mechanisms of programmed cell death.
 Other cellular organelles: Structure and functions of microbodies, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, endo plasmic reticulum.
 Techniques in cell biology: Immuno techniques; in situ hybridization, FISH,
GISH; confocal microscopy.

2) CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS:
 Chromatin organization: Chromosome structure and Packaging of DNA,
molecular organization of centromere and telomere; nucleolus and
ribosomal RNA genes; euchromatin and heterochromatin; karyotype
analysis; banding patterns; specialized types of chromosomes; polytene,
lampbrush, B-chromosomes and sex chromosomes ; molecular basis of
chromosome pairing.
 Structural and numerical alterations in chromosomes: Duplication,
deficiency, inversion and translocation; autopolyploids ; allopolyploids ;
evolution of major crop plants.
 Genetics of prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles: Genetic
recombination in phage; genetic transformation, conjugation and
transduction in bacteria; genetics of mitochondria and chloroplasts
cytoplasmic male sterility.
 Gene structure and expression: Genetic fine structure; cis – trans test;
Benzer’s experiment; introns and their significance; RNA splicing; regulation
of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
 Genetic recombination and genetic mapping: Recombination;
independent assortment and crossing over ; molecular mechanism of
recombination; role of RecA and RecBCD enzymes ; site-specific
recombination ; chromosome mapping, linkage groups, genetic markers,
construction molecular maps.

 Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations; physical and chemical
mutagens; molecular basis of gene mutations; transposable elements in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes; mutations induced transposons; site-directed
mutagenesis ; DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
 Plant Breeding: Principles and methods of plant breeding; Marker assisted
breeding.
 Biostatistics: Mean, Variance, Standard deviation, Standard error,
Student’t’ test, chi-square and ANOVA.
 Molecular cytogenetic: Nuclear DNA content; C-value paradox; cot curve
and its significance; restriction mapping – concept and techniques;
multigene families and their evolution.


3) BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWEER PLANTS: CRYPTOGAMS:
 Microbiological techniques: Pure culture, enrichment and anaerobic
culture.
 Importance of microorganisms: Microbes in medicine, agriculture and
environment.
 Microbial growth: Nutritional requirements of microorganisms and
methods to measure growth.
 Microbial Ecology: Genetrification; phosphorous solubilization; nitrogen
fixation
 Phycology: Thallus organization; cell ultra structure; reproduction
(vegetative, sexual, asexual); criteria for classification of algae: pigments,
reserve food, flagella; classification, salient features of Chlorophyta,
Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta;
algal blooms, algal biofertilizers; algae as food, feed and uses in industry.
 Mycology: General characters of fungi; substrate relationship in fungi; cell
ultrastructure; unicellular and multicellular organization; cell wall
composition; nutrition (saprobic, biotropic, symbiotic); reproduction
(vegetative, asexual, sexual); heterothallism; heterokaryosis parasexuality;
Molecular aspects in classification.
 General account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina,
Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina; fungi in industry, medicine and as
food; fungal diseases in plants and humans; Mycorrhizae; fungi as
biocontrol agents.
 Bryophyta: Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history;
distribution; classification, general account of Marchantiales, Junger
maniales, Anthoceratales, Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrcales;
economic and ecological importance.
 Pteridophyta: Morphology, anatomy and reproduction; classification;
evolution of stele; heterospory and origin of seed habit; general account of

fossil pteriodophyta; introduction to Psilo psida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida
and Pteropsida.

4) TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS:
 Introduction and classification of Gymnosperms
 Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales,
Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales.
 The species concept: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and
other categories; principles used in assessing relationship, delimitation of
taxa and attribution of rank.
 Salient features of the International Code of Botanical nomenclature.
 Taxonomic tools: Herbarium; floras; histological,
cytological, phytochemical, serological, biochemical
and molecular techniques; computers and GIS.
 Systems of angiosperm classification: Phenetic versus phylogenetic
systems; cladistics in taxonomy; relative merits and demerits of major
systems of classification.
 Concepts of phytogeography: Endemism, hotspots; plant explorations;
invasions and introductions.
5) PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM:
 Energy flow: Principles of thermodynamics, free energy and chemical
potential, redox reactions, structure and functions of ATP.
 Fundamentals of enzymology: General aspects, allosteric mechanism,
regulatory and active sites, isoenzymes, kinetics of enzymatic catalysis,
Michaelis – Menton equation and its significance.
 Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutes: Plant
water relations, mechanism of water transport through xylem, passive and
active solute transport, membrane transport proteins.
 Signal transduction: Receptors and G -proteins, phospholipid signaling,
role of cyclic nucleotides, calcium calmodulin cascade, diversity in protein
kinases and phosphatases.
 Photochemistry and photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments and light
harvesting complexes, photo oxidation of water, mechanisms of electron
and proton transport, carbon assimilation – the Calvin cycle,
photorespiration and its significance, the C4 cycle, the CAM pathway,
biosynthesis of starch and sucrose.
 Respiration and lipid metabolism: Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron
transport and ATP synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate
cycle, alternative oxidase system, structure and function of lipids, fatty
acid biosynthesis, synthesis of membrane lipids, structural lipids and
storage lipids and their catabolism.

 Nitrogen fixation and metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, nodule
formation and nod factors, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction,
ammonium assimilation.
 Photobiology: Photochromes and cryptochromes, photophysiology of
light –induce responses, cellular localization.
 Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects and
mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic
acid, brassinosteroids, polymines, jasmonic acid and salicyclic acid.
 The flowering process: Photoperiodism, endogenous clock and its
regulation, floral induction and development – genetic and molecular
analysis, role of vernalization.
 Stress physiology: Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress; mechanisms
of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, HR and SAR, water deficit and drought
resistance, salinity stress, metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress, oxidative
stress.
 Coping with biotic stress: Chemical control, Biological control, IPM

6) PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION:
 Shoot development: Organization of the shoot apical meristem (SAM);
control of cell division and cell to cell communication; control of tissue
differentiation especially xylem and phloem: secretory ducts and laticifers.
 Phyllotaxy and leaf differentiation
 Root development: Organization of root apical meristem (RAM); cell fates
and lineages; vascular tissue differentiation; homeotic muntants in
Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum, sex determination.
 Male gametophyte: Structure of anthers; microsporogenesis, role of
tapetum; pollen development and gene expression; male sterility; sperm
dimorphism and hybrid seed production; pollen germination, pollen tube
growth and guidance; pollen storage; pollen allergy, pollen embryos.
 Female gametophyte: Ovule development; megasporogenesis;
organization of the embryo sac, structure of the embryo sac cells.
 Pollination, pollen – pistil interaction and fertilization: Floral
characteristics, pollination mechanisms and vectors; self -incompatibility;
double fertilization.
 Seed development and fruit growth: Endosperm development during
early, maturation and desiccation stages; embryogenesis, cell lineages
during late embryo development; storage proteins of endosperm and
embryo; polyembryony; apomixes; embryo culture; fruit maturation.
 Dormancy: Seed dormancy; overcoming seed dormancy; bud dormancy.
 Senescence and programmed cell death (PCD): Types of cell death, PCD
in the life cycle of plants, metabolic changes associated with senescence

and its regulation; influence of hormones and environmental factors on
senescence.

7) PLANT ECOLOGY:
 Climate, soil and vegetation patterns of the world: Life zones; major
biomes and major vegetation and sol types of the world.
 Vegetation organization: Concepts of community and continuum; analysis
of communities (analytical and synthetic characters)
 Ecological succession: Hydrosere and xerosere.
 Ecosystem organization : Structure and functions; primary production
(methods of measurement, global pattern, controlling factors); energy
dynamics (trophic organization, energy flow Pathways, ecological
efficiencies); litter fall and decomposition (mechanism, substrate quality
land climatic factors); global biogeochemical cycles of C,N,P and S; mineral
cycles (pathways, processes, budgets) in terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems.
 Biological diversity: Concept and levels; role of biodiversity in ecosystem
functions and stability; speciation and extinction; IUCN categories of
threat; distribution and global patterns, terrestrial biodiversity hot spots;
inventory.
 Air, water and soil pollution: Kinds, sources, quality parameters; effects on
plants ecosystems.
 Climate change: Green house gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs: sources,
trends and role); ozone layer and ozone hole; consequences of climate
change (CO2 fertilization, global warming, sea level rise, UV radiation).
 Ecosystem stability: Concept (resistance and resilience); ecological
perturbations (natural and anthropogenic) and their impact on plants and
ecosystems; ecology of plant invasion; environmental impact assessment;
ecosystem restoration.
 Ecological management: Concepts; sustainable development;
sustainability indicators.
8) PLANT RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION:
 Plant Biodiversity and sustainable development
 Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of (i) Food forage and
fodder crops (ii) fibre crops (iii) medicinal and aromatic plants and (iv)
vegetable oil-yielding crops. Ethnobotany
 Important fire-wood and timber – yielding plants and non-wood
forest products (NWFPs) such as bamboos, rattans, raw materials for
paper-making, gums, tannins, dyes, resins and fruits.
 Green revolution: Benefits and adverse consequences.
 Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics.

 Principles of conservation; extinctions; environmental status of plants based
on International Union for Conservation of Nature.
 Strategies for conservation – in situ conservation: International efforts
and Indian initiatives; protected areas in India – sanctuaries, national parks,
biosphere reserves, wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs for conservation of
wild biodiversity.
 Strategies for conservation – ex situ conservation: Principles and
practices; botanical gardens, field gene banks, seed banks, in vitro
repositories, cryobanks; general account of the activities of Botanical
Survey of India (BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR),
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for
conservation, non-formal conservation efforts.

9) BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS AND
MICROBES:

 Plant Biotechnology – Principles, scope and applications.
 Plant cell and tissue culture: General introduction, scope, cellular
differentiation, and totipotency.
 Organogenesis and adventives embryogenesis: Morphogenesis; somatic
embryogenesis.
 Somatic hybridization: Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture.
 Applications of plant tissue culture: Clonal propagation, artificial seed,
production of hybrids and soma clones, production of secondary
metabolites / natural products, cryopreservation and germplasm storage.
 Recombinant DNA technology: Gene cloning principles and techniques,
genomic / c DNA libraries, vectors, DNA synthesis and sequencing,
polymerase chain reaction, DNA fingerprinting and DNA markers.
 Genetic engineering of plants: Transgenic plants, Methods of gene
transfer – Agrobacterium – medicated and microprojectile, chloroplast
transformation, intellectual property rights, ecological risks and ethical
concerns.
 Microbial genetic manipulation: Bacterial transformation, selection of
recombinants and transformants, genetic improvement of industrial
microbes.
 Genomics and proteomics: High throughput sequencing, genome
projects, bioinformatics, functional genomics, microarrays.

C.MICROBIOLOGY
 General Microbiology and Microbial Physiology: History of Microbiology.
Contributions of Scientists. Types, applications and importance of
microscopy. Structure of microbial cells. Methods of sterilization: Physical
methods –chemical methods and their appl ication. Pure culture
techniques. Preservation methods and Maintenance of Microbial cultures.
Microbiological media and cultivation of microorganisms. Microbial
identification methods. Principles of bacterial taxonomy and classification.
Microbial growth curve. Measurement of Growth. Synchronous cultures –
methods of synchronous culturing. Continuous culturing methods, factors
effecting growth. Phenomenon of bacterial sporulation.
 Cell and Molecular Biology, Virology: DNA structure, types and
replication, S tructure and types of RNA. Transcription and translation.
Concept of ribozyme. Genetic code and Wobble hypothesis, Gene
regulation. Cloning and expression vectors. Construction and screening of
genomic and cDNA libraries. Types of mutagens, molecular basis and
analysis of mutations, site directed mutagenesis. DNA damage and repair
mechanisms. Recombination in bacteria by Transformation, Conjugation,
Transduction. Transposable elements. Cell cycle and programmed cell
death. Signal transduction, Protein folding & roles of Molecular chaperones.
 Structure of viruses. Cultivation of viruses. Structure, genetics and
Replication of Bacteriophages (Lytic and Lysogenic cycle), Plant Virus
(TMV), Animal/human viruses (eg. Influenza virus, HIV and Adeno virus).
Viral I nterference and Interferons. Biochips. DNA markers: RFLP,
Micro/mini satellites, SNPS, RAPDs and AFLP. Finger printing. DNA
sequencing. Expression of recombinant proteins Protein -protein and
protein-DNA interaction. Applications of recombinant DNA technology and
Gene therapy.
 Biochemistry and Techniques: pH and its biological relevance. Redox
potentials, Electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation. Microbial
respiration and fermentation. Classification, properties and chemical
structure of carbohydrates a nd lipids. Classification, Properties and
structure of amino acids and proteins. Biosynthesis and degradation of
amino acids and proteins. Metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids –
glycolytic pathways, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis.
Biosynthesis of triacyl-glycerols and oxidation of fatty acids. Enzymes –
nomenclature, classification, methods for determination of enzyme activity.
Enzyme kinetics – Michelis-Menton kinetics. Optical methods –
colourimetry and spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, optical rotation, Circular
dichroism, NMR, ESR spectroscopy, X -ray diffraction, types of mass
spectrometry. Chromatographic techniques , diffusion, dialysis, cell
disruption methods, centrifugation techniques, electrophoreses and
blotting techniques. Radio isotopes – detection and measurement.

 Immunology: Components of immune system, Clonal selection theory.
Antigen and antibody structure. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
and transplantation. Antigen and antibody reactions. Immune response to
infectious disea ses. Hybridoma technology. Hypersensitivity, Tumor
immunology, Immunological tolerance and immuno-suppression. Immune
deficiency diseases. Immunotherapy of infectious diseases. Vaccines and
Immunization.
 Biostatistics: Variations and frequency distributions, measures of central
tendency and dispersion, standard deviation, standard error, elements of
probability, correlation and linear regression. Normal curve test, ‘t’ test, ‘F’
test, ‘Z’ -test, ANOVA, Chi -square test, and confidence intervals.
Experimental designs using statistical tools.
 Bioinformatics: Basics of computers, Disk operating systems (DOS),
Windows, MS office, information networking. Databases, Sequence and
structure analysis of DNA and Proteins. Primer design. Protein engineering
and drug designing. Tools and packages of networking.
 Industrial Microbiology: Exploitation of microbes and industrial products.
Types of fermentations, Detection and assay of fermentation products.
Scale up of fermentations, Product recovery methods, Strain developmen t
strategies. Immobilization methods. Fermentative production of Ethanol ,
beer, wine, Antibiotics, citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid and
microbial enzymes. Steroid Biotransformations – Principles of vaccine
production. Microbial biopesticides, Micro bial products from genetically
modified (cloned) organisms eg. Insulin. QA, QC, GLP, GMP, Patents & IPR.
 Medical Microbiology: Principles of Medical Microbiology, Normal flora of
human body. Properties of pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial, viral,
fungal and parasitic infectious diseases (air born, water born, food born,
insect born and zoonotic infections). Principles of diagnostic microbiology.
Systematic Medical Microbiology – β-Haemolytic streptococci,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, E.coli, Salmonella
typhi. Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridiuym tetani, Pseudomonas, HIV,
Polio, Rabies and Amoebiasis, Malaria and Trichomoniasis and Fungal
diseases. Medical diagnostics.
 Mode of action of important drugs – Cell wall inhibitors (Betalactum – eg.
Penicillin), membrane inhibitors (polymyxins), macromolecular synthesis
inhibitors (streptomycin), Antifungal antibiotics (nystatin). Drug resistance.
Antiviral agents. Microbiological assays.
 Food, Environment and Agriculture Microbiology: Dairy Microbiology.
microbiological examination of fresh and canned foods. Fermented foods,
spoilage of foods and food preservation me thods. Current and future
implications concerning food safety, hazards and risks. Microbes and
animal interactions – Rumen Microbiology, termite microbial communities.

Probiotics, Prebiotics and their significance in human beings and animals.
Microorganisms in air, water and soil and their importance. Microbial
diversity in the environment. Microbial mineralization and C, N, S, P and
Fe cycles. Soil humus formation. Rhizosphere, mycorhiza and
phyllosphere. Microbial degradation of carbonaceous materials in soil.
Biology and biochemistry of Nitrogen fixation. Biofertilizers, Biopesticides,
Persistance and degradation of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and
insecticides. Sewage treatment and bioremediateion.
.
D.ZOOLOGY
1) GENERAL CONCEPTS:
 Levels of structural organization : Unicellular, colonial and multicellular
forms. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Levels of organization of
tissues, organs & systems.
 Acoelomata, Pseudocoelomata, Coelomata, Proterostomia and
Dueterostornia.
2) Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature,
classical methods of taxonomy of animals.
 NON-CHORDATA:
 General characteristics and classification of invertebrates up to class level.
 Protozoa: Locomotion, Nutrition and Reproduction in protozoa, Protozoan
diseases of man.
 Porifera: Canal system in porifera, skeleton in porifera, Reproduction in
sponges.
 Coelenterata : Polymorphism, Metagenesis, coral formation, Etenophora.
 Hemlinths: Common Helminthic parasites of Man – Taenia solium,
Schistosoma sp., Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Oxyuris, Loa, Trichinella,
Strongyloides – their life cycles. Parasitism and parasitic adaptations.
 Annelida: Excretory system, Coelom formation, coelom and coelomoducts.
 Arthropoda: Mouthparts of Insects, useful and harmful insects,
Metamorphosis in insects. Apiculture and sericulture in India, crustacean
larvae.
 Mollusca: Respiritation, Torsion and De-torsion, pearl formation and Pearl
industry.
 Echinodermata: Echinoderm larvae, Water vascular system.
3) CHORDATA:
 General Characters and classification of chordates upto class,
Origin of Chordates, phylogeny and affinities of Hemichordata,
Retrogressive metamorphosis.

 Vertebrate integument and derivatives, Comparative account of Digestive,
Respiratory,Circulatory, Excretory and Reproductive systems of
Vertebrates.
 Pisciculture in India, Common edible fishes of Andhra Pradesh.
 Origin and evolution of Amphibia, Paedogenesis, Neotony.
 Important Snakes of India, Dinosaurs.
 Flight adaptations and Migration in birds. Archeopteryx, Poultry in India.
 Adaptive radiation and Dentition in Mammals.
4) CELL BIOLOGY:
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell, Plasma Membrane-Ultrastructure,
Permeability, intercellular communication, Endocytosis, Exocytosis,
Phagocytosis, Active transport, membrane pumps.
 Structure & function of Intracellular organelles – Nucleus, Mitochondria,
Golgi bodies, Iysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids,
vacuoles, Cell wall, Cytoskeleton and its role in motility.
 Organization of genes and chromosomes – Operon, unique and repetitive
DNA, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin,
euchromatin, transposons.
 Cell division and cell cycle – Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in
cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle.
 DNA replication, repair and recombination – Unit of replication, replication
origin and replication fork, Recombinant technology, Transgenic and
cloned animals, DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
 Protein synthesis – initiation, elongation and termination of Genetic code.
 Regulation of gene expression – Lac operon, Lambda operan.
 GENETICS:
 Mendel’s law of inheritance – Critical review and Linkage.
 Gene mapping methods: Linkage-complete and Incomplete linkage;
Linkage maps, Recombination, mapping with molecular markers, somatic
cell hybrids.
 Crossing over : Types (Somatic or mitotic crossing over and Germinal or
meiotic crossing over), theories about the mechanism of crossing over,
tetrad analysis, and cytological detection of crossing over.
 Mutations: Types (Spontaneous and Induced), causes and detection,
mutant types (lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of
function, germinal versus somatic mutants), Molecular basis of
mutations.
 Chromosomal aberrations (deletion, duplication, inversion and
translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications); Autosomal

abnormalities (Down’s syndrome, Trisomy-13, -18); Sex anamolies (Turner’s
syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Hermaphroditism).
 Human genetics: Human karyotyping, Genetic disorders due to mutant
genes (Huntington’s chorea), Inborn errors of metabolism-Pheynylketonuria,
alkaptonuria, Sickle cell anemia.
5) SYSTEM AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY:
 Blood and circulation – Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis, plasma
function, blood groups, haemoglobin, haemostasis.
 Cardiovascular System : Neurogenic, myogenic hearts, cardiac cycle,
heart as a pump, neural and chemical regulation of all above.
 Respiratory system – Transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste
elimination, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
 Nervous system – Neurons, action potential, Conduction of nerve
impulse, synapse, Neurotransmitters.
 Muscle : Ultraa structure and mechanism of muscle contraction.
 Sense organs – Eye, Ear.
 Excretory system – Comparative physiology of excretion, urine formation,
micturition.
 Osmaregulation – Osmoregulation in fishes, Hormonal control of
osmoregulation.
 Digestive system – Digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
 Endocrinology and reproduction – Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of
hormone action, hormones and diseases, reproduction in mammals.
 Chemical bonds (Covalent, Hydrogen and Ionic bonds, Van der waals
interactions).
 Outline classification of organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids).
 Order of protein structure, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary;
Ramachandran plot.
 Glycolysis, TCA cycle and their Biomedical importance. Pentose
phosphate pathway, Gluconeogenesis. Redox Potentials, Mitochondrial
electron transport system, Oxidative phosphorylation.
6) EVOLUTION:
 Origin of life – Modern concepts, theories of Evolution.
 Isolation, Speciation, Natural Selection.
 Hardy weinberg’ Law.
 Population Genetics (Gene pool, Gene frequency), Genetic drift
and convergent evolution, Adaptive radiation.

 Evolution of Man.
 Zoogeographical realms of the world.
7) DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY:
 Speramatogenesis, oogenesis.
 Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation formation of germ layers,
parthenogenesis.
 Embryogenesis in vertebrates.
 Formation and function of foetal membranes.
 Types of Placenta.
 Regualtion, genetic control of development.
 Development of Frog and chick.
8) HISTOLOGY:
 Histology of Mammalian tissues and organs – Epithelial, connective,
blood, bone, cartilage, skin, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney,
Testis and Ovary.
9) ECOLOGY:
 Concept of Ecosystem.
 Biogeochemical cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous).
 Influence of environmental factors on animals, energy flow in Ecosystem,
food chains, food web and trophic levels.
 Community and population ecology. Ecological succession.
 Environmental pollution-Air, water, land, noise, radioactive, thermal and
visual, effects of pollution on ecosystem, prevention of pollution.
 Wildlife in India-conservation, Chipko movement.
 Biodiversity-Economic significance, conservation, hot spots of India.

10) IMMUNOLOGY:
 Cells of the immune system: Lymphoid cells, Mononuclear cells,
granulocytic cells, Mast cells.
 Organs of the immune system – primary and secondary lymphoid organs,
lymphatic system.
 Antigens: Antigenic determinants or epitopes, immunogenicity, Haptens.
 Innate (Non-specific immunity): Anatomical barriers, phagocytosis, NK
cells, interferon.
 Humoral immunity: Immunoglobulins (fine structure of immunoglobulins
and immunoglobulin classes); the complement system, Classical and
alternate pathway, inflammation.

 Cell mediated immunity: Mechanism of cell mediated immunity; Brief
account on Antigen presentation, Major histocompatability complex.
 Antigen-Antibody interactions: Affinity, Avidity, Cross-reactivity,
precipitation reactions, and Agglutination reactions and ELISA.
 Brief account on immunological Hypersensitivity disorders:
 Tolerance and Autoimmunity
 Transplantation.
 Immunodeficiency diseases – HIV.
 Immunization (Active and passive immunity).

E.GENETICS
1) Basic Mechanisms of Inheritance
 Mendelism – Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment with
specific examples; Extensions to Mendelism – Dominance, Co-dominance
and Incomplete dominance – Penetrance, expressivity and Pleiotropism;
Lethals and sub lethal. Epistasis – Modified Mendelin ratios – Multiple
Alleles – Eye color in Drosophila, coat color in Rabbits, ABO blood groups
in humans. Pseudo alleles – Rh blood group incompatibility – Inheritance
of quantitative characters – Polygenes – additive effect, multiple factors –
grain color in wheat, corolla length in Nicotiana. Height and weight in man
– Genes and Environment – Phenocopies.Linkage, Recombination and
Mapping in Eukaryotes
Discovery of linkage – phases of linkage – Cytological demonstration of
crossing over. Recombination frequency and map construction. Detection
of linkage in Drosophila and maize. Detection of linkage by test cross; two
point cross, three point cross, coinc idence and interference. Correlating
genetic and cytological maps. Mapping of genes by tetrad analysis –
Neurospora. Mitotic recombination in Aspergillus nidulans, Drosophila
melanogaster and mitotic maps.
 Sex Determination
Sex determination – Mechanisms o f sex determination, – Drosophila
melanogaster – Bridge’s experiment, molecular basis of genic balance
theory. Sex chromosomes – heterogametic and homogametic sex, XO –
grasshopper, ZZ/ZW birds, XX/XY – Melandrium and man. Sex
differentiation and developme nt in man, aberrant sexual development.
Sex-linked traits – X and Y – linkage – red and white eye color in
Drosophila, hemophilia and color blindness in man. Sex limited and sex
influenced traits.

 Extra Chromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Le af variegation of higher plants, Corren’s
studies in Mirabilis jalapa, Maternal inheritance – Poky in Neurosopora –
Heterokaryon test Maternal influence – Shell coiling in snails, Extra
nuclear genes in Chlamydomonas, Mutants showing uniparental
inheritance Mapping chloroplast genome in Chalmydomonas Extra
nuclear genes in Baker’s Yeast : Petite mutants, Genetic mapping of
mitochondrial genes in yeast. Male sterility in maize and its use, S -gene
in Nicotiana. Independence of cytoplasmic genes from nuclear g enes :
Inheritance of iojap in Zea mays, Biogenesis of mitochondria, Biogenesis
of chloroplasts.
2) Cytogenetics
 Cell cycle and Cell Communication
Eukaryotic cell cycle – phases of cell cycle – Restriction points – Cell cycle
determining genes chromosome segregation in mitosis – mitotic
apparatus, distribution of microtubule organizing centers – Cytokines –
Genes affecting mitosis. Chromosome segregation in Meiosis – Formation
of synaptonemal complex – Genes affecting Meiosis Cell Communication.
 Chromosome structure and chromatin organization
Molecular structure of chromosome – Centromere and Telomere.
Specialized chromosomes. Polytene and Lampbrush. Components of
Chromatin – Nucleic acids, histones and non-histones, classification and
function – Evolutionary importance. Significance of Histone modification
in chromatin organization of Nucleosomes, core particle location of H1,
organization of nucleosomes in chromatin, Solenodis, loops and scaffolds
Nucleosome phasing active and inactive chromatin.
 Chromosomal Aberrations (Structural)
Structural chromosomal aberrations – Deletions, Duplications,
Inversions – Para and pericentric, translocations, Robertsonian
translocations Gene transfer between nonhomologous chromosomes;
Translocations – reciprocal translocations, balanced lethals in Oenothera.
 Chromosomal Aberrations (Numerical)
Changes in chromosome number : Autopolyploid and Allopolyploid.
Aneuploidy-Chromosome non -disjunction at meiosis; Aneuploidy in
human. Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndrome. Aneuploidy in higher plants-
Trisomics and monosomics-cytological and genetic characterization.
Evolutionary significance of chromosomal mutations -Gene & karyotypic
evolution.

3) Biomolecules and Transport
Biomolecules and Transport across Cell Membrane
Unit 1
 Amino acids and Proteins
 Classification, structure and characteristics of amino acids. Acid – Base
properties and general reactions of amino acids.
 Peptide bond stability and formation. Methods for determining
Molecular weight, Amino and Carboxy termini.
 Structural organization of proteins – primary, secondary tertiary,
quaternary and subunit structure of proteins.
Unit 2
 Nucleic acids Structure of puriness, pyramidiness, nucleosides and
nucleotides. Stability and formation of phosphodiester bonds.
 Watson and Crick Model of DNA. Different forms of DNA – Types of RNA –
Structure of t-RNA.
Unit 3
 Membrane Transport
 Composition and structure of membranes Peripheral and Integral
membrane proteins
 Miscelles and liposomes
Unit 4
 Movement of molecules across the membranes-Passive diffusion –
Membrane channel and pores -Sodium, Potassium channels -Acetyl
choline receptor (Chemical controlled channels), Gap junctions –
Transporters-Uniport, symport, antiport-Ionophores
4) Microbial Genetics
 Genetics of Bacteriophages
Structure and classification Bacteriophages, Lytic cycle – Infection of host
cells; formation of viral components; Maturation and release of virus
particles. Lysogeny : Nature of lysogeny : λ -phage, Integration of viral
genome into host genome Lysogenic st age and prophage cycle; Factors
governing lysogeny.
 Genetics of Eukaryotic Viruses
General features of Eukaryotic viruses, DNA virues, Adeno viruses,
Herpes, SV40, Papilloma viruses, Cauliflower mosaic viruses, Baculo
viruses, RNA viruses, Retro viruses – Rous Sarcoma viruses and HIV
viruses, Tobacco Mosaic viruses, Polio viruses and Rio viruses

 Bacterial Recombination and Mapping
Identification and selection of bacterial mutants, Gene Transfer in
bacteria – Transformation : Discovery of transformation – Competence of
bacterial cells; mechanism of transformation; Gene mapping by
transformation. Transduction : Generalized transduction, Co –
transduction and Linkage. Mapping by Co -transduction. Specialized
transduction – Formation of specialized transducing pa rticle from a λ –
lysogen. High frequency of transducing lysates Specialized transducing
phage as a cloning vehicle.
 Mapping by Conjugation
Conjugation-Unidirectional gene transfer – F+ and F- H fr strains and gene
mapping by recombination frequencies and in terrupted mating
experiment, F-duction

5) Biometry and Population Genetics
 Theory of Probability and Probability Distribution
Theory of Probability and Probability Distribution; Mutually Exclusive
events – Addictive theory, Independent events – Multiplication theory.
Random variable – Mean and Variance. Probability distribution with
examples. Binomial distribution with examples. Poisson distribution with
examples. Normal distribution with examples and problems.
 Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
Test of Hypothesis – Null hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis, Level of
significance, confidence intervals and confidence limit
Application of Chi -square test – testing for genetic segregations, linkage
and heterogeneity with examples and pr oblems.
Small sample test, t – test, testing for single mean, two sample means,
paired t – test One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA
Simple correlation and regression, Test of significance of correlation and
regression coefficients.
 Establishment of Hardy -Weinberg Equilibrium and Departure from
Equilibrium
Genotype and gene frequency, Random mating; Hardy -Weinberg
equilibrium – properties of Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium. Estimation of
gene and genotype frequencies: Dominance, Co -dominance, Multiple
alleles, sex-linked loci.
Evolutionary forces – Dispersive and systematic forces, Change in gene
frequency under mutation – resource mutation, recurrent mutation
pressure. Selection – Different types of selection, Balance between

selection and mutation with examples, Inbree ding and assortative
mating. Calculation of Inbreeding coefficient (F) from pedigrees, Effect of
inbreeding on gene and genotypic frequencies.
 Genetics of Quantitative Characters and Phylogenetic Analysis
Population mean, average effect, breeding value, do minance deviation
interaction deviation., Components of variance – phenotypic variance,
Additive and dominant variance, interaction, variance repeatability.
Genetic covariance – Offspring and one parent, Offspring and mid parent,
half sibs, full sibs. Heri tability – Estimations of heritability from genetic
covariance and ANOVA, Phylogenetic analysis UPGMA (Unweighted
paired group method of average) method
6) Molecular Genetics Genetics Information
 Process of DNA replication, Replication in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
DNA Damage and Repair, Molecular mechanisms of mutation –
transition, transversion, frame shift and nonsense mutations, Causes of
DNA damage, Repair mechanisms – photo reactivation, excision repair,
Post replication repair,
 Organization of Genes
Structure of prokaryotic genes – organization of prokaryotic genes into
operons, Structure of eukaryotic protein coding genes, Structure of
eukaryotic non coding RNA genes
 Gene Expression : Transcription
Mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes
Regulation of prokaryotic gene expression – Lac and Tryp operon
Mechanism of transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes
Transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
Post transcriptional gene silencing – SiRNA, Small RNA, and Micro RNA
Post transcriptional modification
Transcription and processing of non coding RNA
 Gene Expression : Translation
Genetic code – Characteristics, universal and alternate genetic codes,
codon usage and bias. Components of translational machinery –
Ribosomes, tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and translation factors
Process of translation – initiation, elongation and termination

7) Immunogenetics
 Basic Immunology
Immunity – Types of Immunity, Innate and Acquired Immunity. Cells of
the Immune System: The B and T lymphocytes; T cell subsets; The antigen
– presenting cells, Organs of the Immune system : Primary lymophoid
organs (Bone Marrow and Thymus); Secondary lymphoid organs (lymph
nodes, spleen and mucosal – associated lymphoid tissue), Antigens :
conditions for antigenicity of a substance; chemical nature of antigenic
determinants; Haptens and hapten-carrier conjugates
 Immunoglobulins : Structure and Functions
Basic structure of Immunoglobulin; The role of multiple myeloma in
understanding Ig structure, Fine st ructure of Immunoglobulin :
Immunoglobulin domains – variable region and constant region domains
Immunoglobulin classes : IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE; functions of Ig
classes Organization and expression of Immunoglobulin light and heavy
chain genes
Monoclonal antibodies; formation and selection of hybrid cells;
production of monoclonal antibodies and their uses
 Major Histocompatibility Complex
General organization and inheritance of MHC : MHC haplotypes
The structure of MHC class I and class II molecules : organization of MHC
class I and class II genes, peptide binding of MHC molecules
Polymorphism of MHC class I and class II molecules; the role of HLA
typing in organ transplantation, Cellular distribution of MHC molecules;
MHC molecules and immune responsiveness
 The Humoral and Cell – Mediated Immune Responses
Antigen processing by antigen – presenting cells.
The structure and functions of T-cell receptors; the TCR-Peptide-MHC
complexes.
B-cell activation and proliferation by Thymus – independent and Thymus
– dependent antigens : in vivo sites for induction of humoral response : B
cell differentiation, class -switching and generation of plasma cells and
memory cells.
Cell-mediated Immune Response: General properties of effector T cells;
Direct cytotoxic respon se, Experimental assessment of Cell – mediated
cytotoxicity, Delayed types of hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytokines
involved in DTH.

Autoimmunity and Auto-immune disorders – Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndome (AIDS).
8) Recombinant DNA Technology
 Restriction enzymes and cloning vectors
Host controlled restriction modifications; Restriction endonucleases,
types and classification. Modifying enzymes used in molecular cloning,
Methylases; Polymerases, Ligases, Kinases, Phosphatases, Nucleases
Plasmid and lambda phage vectors Cosmid vectors Yeast and Baculovirus
vectors
 Construction of Genomic and cDNA Libraries
Strategies for DNA cloning
Strategies for construction of genomic libraries Strategies for construction
of cDNA libraries Advantages of cDNA libraries
In vitro amplification of target sequences – PCR

 Selection and Analysis of Recombinant Clones
Labelling of nucleic acids and immunological probes
Selection of recombinant clones : Hybridization techniques (Southern,
Northern, Western, North-Western, and Zoo blots) Colony hybridization
and library screening
Isolation of individual genes by complementation assay and contig
assembly (positional cloning by chromosome walking, chromosome
jumping)
 Analysis of Recombinant Clones
Mapping of restriction sites S 1 mapping
DNA sequencing methods
Screening of cloned genes (Hybrid arrest and hybrid released translation)
Site directed mutagenesis
Applications of rDNA technology
9) Human Genetics
 Chromosomal Basis of Genetics Disorders
Karyotypes and identification of chromosome variation Chromosome
pathology of autosomes and allosomes. Chromosome instability
syndromes.
Clinical significance of sister chromatid exchanges.
 Gene Transmission in Families

Criteria for determining inheritance pattern from pedigrees
Segregation analysis of monogenic conditions – complete and incomplete
ascertainment Analysis of multifactorial condition – Threshold model and
estimation of heritability
Twin studies in genetic ananlysis, Genetic heterogeneity
 Biochemical Basis of Genetic Disorders
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis Garrod’s observations
Metabolic disorders and experimental approaches – Direct and Indirect
approaches for prenatal and heterozygote detection
Metabolic disorders – Interallelic and intrallelic heterogeneity. Enzyme
defects – amino acid metabolism
 Linkage Analysis
Detection of Linkage
Estimation of linkage – Y statistic, sib pair analysis, Lod score
estimation, homozygosity mapping. (IBD)
Test of linkage of genes with reduced penetrance and epistasis. Resolution
of genetic heterogeneity by linkage analysis
Linkage disequilibrium
10) Bioinformatics
 Biology databases
 Bioinformatics data
 Biological databases – types, design, file formats, access tools with
examples. Public and bioinformatics databases
 Nucleotide sequence databank (GenBank, DDBJ, EMBL, MGDB, GSX,
NDB) Protein databank (SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL, PIR)
 Database searching, search enines
 General purpose search engines like Google, Alta Vista
 Sequence match engines like FASTA, BLAST and BLAST derivatives
 Comparison methods in Bioinformatics
 Basics of sequence alignments – Match, mismatch, gaps, scoring
alignments, gap penalty, protein versus DNA sequence alignment.
 Pair – wise alignment algorithms-Needleman and Wunch algorithm,
Smith Watermann algorithm Multiple sequence alignment –
progressive alignment, iterative alignment
 Homology search-BLAST algorithm, FASTA algorithm PAM and
BLOSUM matrices
 Genomic and Proteomic Bioinformatics

 Finding gene in genomes, genome maps and markers Bioinformatics
for understanding genome variation Protein structure prediction and
classification Bioinformatics in support of proteomics research
 Applications of Bioinformatics
 Medical application of Bioinformatics-disease genes, drug targets,
Pharmacogenomics, drug designing
 Structural biology – homology modeling of proteins
 Bioinformatics for micro array designing and transcriptional profiling
Bioinformatics for phylogenetic analysis of genes
 Bioinformatics data – Nucleic acid sequence, protein sequence, protein
structure, Genomic, proteomic and metabolomic information.
 Bioinformatics databases – Types, design, file formats, access tools
with examples Bioinformatics tools and resources – free online tools,
downloadable free tools,
 software packages, internet, Bioinformatics books and journals,
Bioinformatics web-portals

F.BIO-CHEMISTRY
 CHEMISTRY, METABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND LIPIDS: Chemistry of
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. Metabolism of Amino Acids, Peptides
and Proteins. Chemistry of Lipids and Porphyrins. Metabolism of Lipids
and Porphyrins.
 CHEMISTRY, METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES AND NUCLEIC
ACIDS: Chemistry of Carbohydrate s. Metabolism of Carbohydrates.
Chemistry and Metabolism of Nucleic Acids. Chemistry and Metabolism of
Vitamins.
 BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Spectroscopy, Chromatography,
Centrifugation and Electrophoresis, Microscopy and Tracer Techniques.
 BIOENERGETICS AND CELL BIOLOGY: Bioenergetics, Cell Structure of
Prokaryotes, Cell Structure of Eukaryotes, Methods of Cell Study.
 ENZYMOLOGY: Enzymes and coenzymes, Enzyme Kinetics, Catalytic
mechanisms, Enzyme regulation
 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: DNA replication, DNA repair, Tr anscription and
Translation, Protein sorting, targeting and degradation.
 BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS & MODEL ORGANISMS: Mendelian Genetics,
Linkage and Mapping, Bacterial Genetics, Model Organisms.

 CELL – CELL COMMUNICATION: Extracellular matrix and cell surface,
Cell signaling, Signal transduction and cancer, Signal transduction in
bacteria and plants.
 REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION & RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY: Gene Regulation in prokaryotes and viruses, Gene
Regulation in eukaryotes, Recombinant DNA technology, Genetic
engineering.
 IMMUNOLOGY: Basic immunology, Immune response, Transplantation &
Applied immunology, Disorders of the immune system.
 VIROLOGY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY: Prokaryotic viruses,
Eukaryotic viruses, Clinical diagnosis, Pathophysiology & Cli nical
enzymology.
 ENDOCRINOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Endocrine systems,
Hormones, Body fluids & clinical testing, Physiology of body fluids and
Nutrition.
 BIOTECHNOLOGY: Microbial biotechnology, Plant biotechnology, Animal
biotechnology, Protein engineering.
 BIOSTATISTICS, COMPUTERS AND BIOINFORMATICS: Biostatistics,
Computers and Bioinformatics, Genomics, Transcriptome and Proteomics.

G.FORENSIC SCIENCE
 GENERAL FORENSIC SCIENCE: Historical aspects of forensic science,
Definitions, scope and concepts in forensic science, Principles and basics
of forensic science. Growth of Forensic Science Laboratories in India –
Central and State level laboratories, Services and functionalities pr ovided
by various Forensic Science Laboratories. Branches of forensic science,
Forensic science in India: Organizational set up of forensic science
laboratories, Tools and techniques in forensic science.
 CRIME: Definition, types of crimes, Theories of cri me causation: Pre –
classical and Neo -classical, constitutional, geographical, economic,
psychological, sociological, Multiple causation approach, Biological
approach, prevention of crime, characteristics of criminals.
 CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT: Types of crime scenes –indoor and
outdoor, Securing and isolating the crime scene, Crime scene search
methods, Safety measures at crime scenes. Legal considerations at crime
scenes, Documentation of crime scenes – photography, videography,
sketching and recording notes, Role and duties of Forensic Scientists.

 FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY: Definition of photography, Cameras and its
working, types of camera lenses, crime scene and laboratory photography,
UV and IR photography, Photomicrography and macro photography.
Digital photography, digital imaging, photogrammetry, basic concepts of
videography/high speed videography.
 CRIME SCENE EVIDENCE: Classification of crime scene evidence –
physical and trace evidence, Locard’s Exchange principle, Physical
evidence, types and import ance in a criminal investigation, Protecting a
scene of crime – various steps involved, contamination issues,
Preservation, Packaging & transportation of Physical Evidences,
Documentation, Chain of Custody, Reconstruction of crime scene.
 LABORATORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Laboratory information system,
Laboratory information management system, Chain of custody of samples
covered by LAN system, Security system, validation and safety equipment.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FORENSIC BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCES: Scope of forensic biology; different domains of forensic
biology; types of biological evidences; importance of biological evidences in
forensic investigation; procedure for collection, preservation, packing,
sealing and forwarding of biological samples. Hair examin ation:
morphological, anatomical and microscopic examination of hair;
characteristics of hair to determine species origin, race and sex. Diatoms
examination: introduction to diatoms; types and structure of diatoms;
importance and examination of diatoms in forensic science.
 CLASSICAL GENETICS: Organization of genome; structure and functions
of nucleic acids; Griffith’s experiments; introduction to Mendelian
inheritance and its extensions; pedigree analysis; sex -linked inheritance;
linkage and crossing -over; cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effects;
cytogenetics; karyotyping; chromosomal abnormalities.
 WILDLIFE FORENSICS, ENTOMOLOGY & PALYNOLOGY: Wildlife
Forensics: definition and advances; threats to natural resources and wild
species; importance of wildlife conservation; classification of species as per
IUCN Red Data Book; CITES; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 of India and
other related acts; methods of poaching; conventional methods of species
identification; morphological identification and examination of wildlife
parts and products; application of DNA technologies in wildlife forensics.
Forensic Entomology: basic elements of entomology; importance of insects
in forensic investigations; life cycles of insects to determine time since
death; applications of forensic entomology. Forensic Palynology:
introduction; examination of pollen grains and spores.
 FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY, ODONTOLOGY & DVI: Forensic
Anthropology: introduction; forensic anthropometry; osteometry;
identification of individuals (living); id entity of missing persons by

superimposition techniques; facial reconstruction; advanced imaging
techniques and musculo-skeletal reconstruction; portrait parley. Forensic
Odontology: human dentition; structure and types of teeth; definition and
dental formula; identification of individuals from teeth; ages of eruption
and other individual characteristics; determination of age, sex and race
from teeth; role of teeth in mass disaster; forensic significance in
individual identification. Disaster Victim Identif ication: examination and
identification of dead bodies in mass disasters; mutilated bodies;
fragmentary skeletal remains and bones; determination of age, sex, race
and species origin from bones and assessment of stature; identification of
burnt bones and s keletal remains in accidents, crimes and mass
disasters.
 BASIC SEROLOGY: Blood and its composition; hemoglobin and its
variants; blood typing/grouping -ABO system and its significance in
forensic investigation; other blood group antigens -Rh subtypes, MN, I, P,
Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, Lutheran and Bombay blood group. Identification
of other biological fluids such as saliva, urine, semen and vaginal
secretion, and their forensic significance.
 BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY: Chemistry of carbohydrates –
definition, classification and importance in forensic investigation.
Chemistry of lipids -definition, classification and importance in forensic
investigation. Types and properties of amino acids; structure of proteins
and their importance in forensic investigation. I ntroduction to plant and
animal cells. Eukaryotic cellular organelles; plasma membrane; transport
across membrane; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex; mitochondria;
chloroplasts and lysosomes. Organization of nucleus and nuclear
transport. Cell division -mitosis and meiosis. Barr bodies and their
importance in forensic investigation.
 INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS: History of DNA
fingerprinting; DNA polymorphism; genes and DNA markers in forensic
DNA analysis; Techniques and equipment for DNA extrac tion and
purification; different methods of DNA quantitation; DNA separation and
detection techniques; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Introduction to
mitochondrial DNA and its forensic importance; important case studies of
DNA fingerprinting.
 TECHNIQUES: Microscopy – Light and Electron, Centrifugation,
Chromatography, Eletrophoresis, Calorimetric and Spectrophotometric
techniques for the quantification of DNA, RNA, and protein, Blotting
techniques, PCR.
 QUALITY MANAGEMENT: Introduction to quality system, Quality plan,
Inspection and testing, Test records, Control of inspection Handling,
storage, packaging, preservation and delivery of the material, Control of
quality records, Internal quality audits, Quality assurance Training.

 LABORATORY ACCREDITATION: ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 and 17000
series of standards, Accreditation Boards -NABL guidelines for
accreditation in India, Proficiency testing system, Internal quality control,
Inter and intra laboratory testing programmes, Designing and running the
proficiency testing programmes, Confidentiality Advantages of
accreditation.
 FORENSIC STATISTICS: Types of data, Basic concept of frequency
distribution, measure of central values – Mean, median and mode,
measure of dispersion, range, mean deviation and standard devia tion,
Probability: Theory and classical definition of probability, Bayes theorem
of probability, conditional probability and coincidence probability, Chi –
square test, Biology Data bases.
 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF LEGAL PROCEDURES: Laws in criminal Justice
system, Expert witness and his role, Court testimony in forensic cases.

SCHEME & SYLLABUS OF THE COMPUTER PROFICIENCY TEST
(CPT)
Scheme for Computer Proficiency Test
(As per G.O.Ms.No.26, G.A. (Ser.B) Dept., dt: 24.02.2023)
Scheme of the examination (Practical Type)
Test Duration
(Minutes)
Maximum
Marks
Minimum Qualifying Marks
SC/ST/PBD B.C’s O.C’s
Proficiency in Office
Automation with
usage of Computers
and Associated
Software.
60 100 30 35 40

Syllabus for Computer Proficiency Test
PART-A

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS: Introduction to Computers
– Components and their classification – Peripheral devices and
their purpose. Input Devices – Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,
Lighten, Touch screens, Joystick, Micro phone, Scanner, Digital
camera, Bar code re ader, Biometric sensor. Output Devices:
Display devices, Printers, Monitor, Speaker, Plotter, Secondary
Storage Devices – Feature- Driven Development (FDD),

Magnetic tape, Universal Serial Bus(USB), Pen Drives, Disks –
The Role of input Processing / output processing devices –
Computing Concepts – Data – Information – Random – Access
Memory (RAM) – Read-Only Memory(R OM) – Control Unit –
Memory Unit – Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU).

2. COMPUTER SOFTWARE TYPES: System Software, Application
Software, Embedded software, Proprietary Software, Open
source software (their purpose and characteristics only).

3. OPERATING SYSTEM: Purpose of operating sy stem, Single
User and Multi User Operating Systems with Examples.

4. WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM: Interfacing Graphical User
Interface (GUI), Differences between Character User Interface
(CUI) and Graphical User Interface(GUI) – working With Files
and Folders – More About Files – Running An Application
Through the File Manager – Running an Application Through
the Program Manager – Setting up of Printer, Webcam, Scanner
and other peripheral devices.

5. LINUX/MAC OS (only basic concepts): Introduction to Linux
– Features and advantages of Linux, File handling commands,
directory handling commands – User Management – File
permissions Macintosh Apple Computer (MAC) OS –
Introduction – Advantages of Macintosh Apple Computer (MAC)
OS. Basics commands

6. INTERNET CONCEPTS (only basic concepts): Minimum
Hardware a nd Software Requirements for a system to use
internet, Communication Protocols and Facilities – Various
browsers – What is Internet Protocol (IP) Address – Steps
required in connecting system to network – Uploading and
Downloading Files from Internet

7. ELECTRONIC MAIL (only basic concepts): Sending and
receiving mails, Basic E -Mail Functions, Using your word
processor for E-mail, Finding E-Mail Address, Mailing Lists and
lists Servers.

8. WORLD WIDE WEB (only basic concepts): WWW advantages
of the Web – how to navigate with the Web – Web Searching.

PART – B
1. OFFICE SUITE: MSOFFICE or any open source office like Libre
Office /Apache Open Office Neo office for
Windows/Linux/Macintosh Apple Computer (MAC)OS.

2. GETTING STARTED WITH OFFICE: Introduction to Office
Software- Starting and Exiting the Office Applications –
Introducing the Office Shortcut Bar – Customizing Office
Shortcut Bar.

3. FILE OPERATIONS IN THE OFFICE: Common Office Tools
and Techniques – Opening An Application – Creating Files –
Entering And Editing Text – Saving Files – Opening Files –
Closing a File – Exiting The Application – Managing Your files
With the Office Applications.

4. TOOLS IN THE OFFICE APPLICATIONS: Key Combinations –
Cut, Copy and Paste – Drag And Drop Editing – Menu Bars And
Toolbars – Undo and – Redo – Spell Checking – Auto Correct –
Find and Replace – Help And The Office Assistants – Templates
and Wizards.

5. WORD PROCESSING (MS WORD or its equivalent in Libre
office /Apache Open Office / Neo office for
Windows/s/Linux/Mac OS): Starting Word
 Title Bar – Menu Bar – Format Bar – Standard Bar – Ruler –
Workspace Area – Scroll Bar – Status Bar – Different Toolbars –
Option a Menu Bar – Creating New Document When Word is
Running – Opening Pre existing Documents When Word is
Running – Designing Your Document – Typing Text – Selection
text – Deleting Text – Formatting text and document – copying
and moving – Saving Document – Page Setup – Properties of a
document – Undo-Redo-Cut-Copy a Document – Pasting a
Document – Print Preview – Printing – Select All – Find – Replace
– Go To – Four Different View Of A Document – Normal, Web
Layout, Print Layout, and Outline Layout- Document Map – Full
Screen – Zoom – Objects – Page Br eak – Header and Footer –
Page Number – Auto Format – Auto Text – Inserting Date And
Time – Working With Header, Footers -footnotes-Fields-
Symbols-Caption Cross Reference -Index-Tabs-Table and
Sorting – Working With Graphics – Inserting Pictures –
Modifying Pictures – Word Art – Inserting Chart – Inserting Files
– Hyper Linking – Bookmark – Using Different Fonts – Paragraph
– Bullets Borders and Shading -Columns-Drop Cap -Theme-
Change Case Background -Frames-Style-Spelling And

Grammar – Set Language – Word Count – Auto Summarize –
Auto Correct – Merge Document – Protect Document – Envelopes
And Labels – – Templates, Wizards And Sample Documents –
drawing Tables – Merge Cell – Spilt Cells – Spilt Table – Table
Auto Format – Auto Fit – Sort – Formula – Arrange All -Split-
Micro Soft Word Help – Macros – Custom Toolbars – Keyboard
Shortcuts – Menus – Mail Merge.

6. SPREAD SHEET (MS Excel or its equivalent in Libre Office
/ Apache Open Office / Neo office for Windows/Linux/Mac
OS):
Features Of Excel – Excel worksheet – Selecting Cell – Navigating
With The Mouse And Keyboard – Entering And Editing Text –
Text Boxes – Text Notes – Checking Spelling – Undoing And
Repeating Action – Entering And Editing Formulas –
Referencing Cells – Order Of Evolution in Formulas – Copying
Entries And Equations To Minimize Typing – More Auto Fill
Examples – Creating Custom Fill Lists Protecting And Un
Protecting Documents And Cell – Creating A New Worksheet –
Excel Formatting Tips And Techniques – Moving cell – Copying
Cells – Sorting Cell Data – Insertion Cells Inserting As You Paste
– Deleting Parts Of Worksheet – Clearing Parts Of A Worksheet
– Excel Page Setup – Changing Column Width And Row Heights
– Auto Format – Manual Formatting – Using style – Format Code
Alter A Number’s Appearance – Format Painter Speeds -Up
Format Copying – Changing Font Size And Attribute s –
Adjusting Alignments – Cantering Text Across Column – Using
Border Buttons And Commands – Changing Color And Shading
– Inserting And Removing Page Breaks – Hiding Rows And
Columns – Rearranging Worksheet – Entering Formula – Excel
Functions – Inserting Rows And Columns – Saving A Worksheet
– Printing A Worksheet – Printing Tips For Large Excel Project –
Parts Of A Function – Functions Requiring Add -ins – Function
Wizard – Example Of Functions By Category – Organizing Your
Data – Excel’s Chart Features – Chart Parts And Terminolo gy –
Instant charts with The chart wizard – Creating Chart On
Separating Worksheets – Resizing And Moving Charts – Adding
Chart Notes And Arrows – Editing Charts – Rotating 3-D Charts
– Printing Charts – Deleting Charts Setting The Default Chart
Type – Creating Trend Lines Data Map – Working With Graphics
in Excel – Creating And Pacing Graphic objects – Resizing
Graphs – Possible Sources Of Excel Graphics – Creating and
Running Macro – Sorting Excel Data – Adding Subtotals To
Databases – Customizing Excel – Customizing Workspace –

Comma Separated Value (CSV) File format – Using Worksheet
As Databases.
7. PRESENTATION SOFTWARE (MS Power Point or its
equivalent in Libre Office/Apache Open office/Neo office for
Windows/Linux/Mac Os): Introduction – Starting Presentation
Software – Views in Presentation Software – Slides – Terminology
– Color Schemes – Formatting Slides – Creating a Presentation –
Using the Auto Content Wizard – Masters- – Using a Template –
Creating a Blank Presentation – Working with Text in Power
Point – Adding Slides Editing And Working Text – Working in
Outlaying view – Spell checking – Finding And Replacing Text –
Formatting Text – Aligning Text – Developing Your Presentation
– Importing images From The Outside World – The Clipart
Gallery – Drawing in Presentation software – Bringing A
Presentation to Life – Inserting Objects in Your Presentation –
Inserting A Picture – Working With Graphics – Multimedia in
Power Point – Animating The Objects, Pictures, Graphics, –
Enhancements to the Slide Show Showing Slides Out Of Order
Printing Presentation Elements – Finalizing The Presentation –
Assigning Transitions And Timings – Setting The Master Slide –
Setting Up The Slide Show – Running The Slide Show.
Assessment Pattern:
Part-A: Test may be designed to assess the candidate by means of
MCQs.(20%of Total Marks)
Part-B: A computer based assessment test where they need to:
1. Prepare a model document and orga nize the same in a
formatted manner. This should cover evaluating the typing
speed, organizing the document and covering several other
aspects su ch as inserting tables, inserting Images /WordArt,
mail merge, etc.)
2. Evaluating typing speed (25% of Total Marks)
(This may be made mandatory for qualifying based on the
norms existing)
3. Organizing and inserting different objects
(15% of Total Marks)
4. Prepare an Excel Sheet to fill with data and format the sheet,
merging/splitting cells, formulae for calculation in the cells,
conditional formatting, preparation of different graphs based on
the data. (20% of Total Marks)
5. Prepare a Power Point presentation using the standard layouts
available and filling different slides with content (Formatted
text, images, tables, transition effects, animation etc.).
(20%of Total Marks)